Literature Review on the Power Industry of Bangladesh

This paper investigates the role of the power industry in Bangladesh, focusing on the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of the DPDC.

Keywords: power industry of Bangladesh DPDC strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats future development of the power industry

The report is based on the analysis of the power industry of Bangladesh where the contribution of the power industry has been evaluated. Jamal and Ongsakul (2012) reviewed that the progress and prospect of power grid industry of Bangladesh is dependent on the distribution system. They also found a 30% rise in the electricity industry which is oil-based because a risk has been seen in the rise of price of fuel oil in the global market. Ahmed et al. (2019) described that Dhaka city has enough power of electricity but the authority should look for alternative sources as the population density is rising in the city. They analysed the importance of DPDC in providing enough electricity power in Dhaka city which is also capable of giving better customer service.

This paper on the industry analysis has tried to investigate the role of power industry in Bangladesh. This paper has given its main focus on the DPDC sector which s the largest power distribution company of Bangladesh. A SWOT analysis was conducted on the DPDC to show its strengths and weaknesses and opportunities of this firm and threats for the firm. Five forces model was also applied on DPDC where its buyer power and supplier’s power were analysed and its threats of substitutes and new competitors were identified (Jamal & Ongsakul, 2012). 

Gupta et al. (2012) wrote that Bangladesh is dependent on imported source of power due to its shortage of energy and Bangladesh has no alternative fuels or power source. By 2030, Bangladesh has to import 90% of gasoline to fulfil the needs of primary energy source which was estimated in their journal. Ahmed et al. (2019) also described that all individuals of Bangladesh has the right to use electricity. The journal of Ali, Islam and Rakibul (2018) reviewed that Bangladesh is insufficient in producing hydrocarbon and petrochemical which forced the government of Bangladesh to import gasoline, refinery oil and diesel from Western Asian countries. 

The study of Bakhtiar (2012) showed the strong side of this industry in Bangladesh. He over viewed that Bangladeshi government has proposed tax exemptions of 15 years for foreign investors and local investors to invest in the power industry. He analysed that investors can get a relief from tax customs for 12 years while importing machinery and equipment of power industry in Bangladesh. Jamal et al. (2014) investigated the importance of electricity for fulfilling the demand of other industries of Bangladesh. They studied that only 67% of people of Bangladesh can access to electricity where the government should expand the production of electricity.

Deeba, Shohana and Rahman (2013) tried to investigate the weakness of the power industry of Bangladesh in their journal on the impact of integrating tidal power generation on the reliability of Bangladesh. They analysed that natural gas, fossil fuels and coal are not sufficient in the nation to fulfil the demand of gas supply. The journal of Higano, Yabar and Kamrul (2012) found that SME business can’t invest in this sector as it requires large investment but international investors, joint ventures or capital investors can participate to invest in the power industry. They wrote a journal on socio management policy guidelines for financing in electric power industry of Bangladesh. Ahmed et al. (2019) found the political instability is the biggest weakness for the power industry as investors decline to invest at the last stage due to negative influence from politics. 

HIgano, Yabar and kamrul (2012) explained that Bangladesh has a small reserve of oil and coal which are not sufficient to run a big industry such as the power sector. Hosen and Islam (2019) reviewed a journal on the study and analysis of SRS under DPDC of Bangladesh where they investigated that the Bangladeshi government should build own plants of the power sector by collecting investments from local investors. Bacon and Jones (2021) found that the covid-19 pandemic has affected the financial performance of the power industry where bill collection, meter reading and bill distribution was not possible due to lockdown. Ahmed et al. (2019) described that the power industry of Bangladesh has taken a G2G project and it can reinforce the performance of DPDC infrastructure if the project is successful. 

Higano, Yabar and Kamrul (2012) suggested in their journal that all types of corruption should be stopped in this sector as the development of Bangladesh is dependent on the power industry. Bakhtiar (2012) provided recommendation that the government should develop the model of the electric power grid so that the distribution power of electricity can be optimised. He also evaluated that the government should also convince foreign and local investors of the industry that their investments would be utilised in the right way. 



References

• Ahmed, G., Asadulla, H., and Saha, P. (2019). Micro Wind Turbine as an Alternative Power Source in Bangladesh. International Conference on Sustainable Technologies for Industry 4.0 (STI) IEEE, 1-4.
• Ali, M., Islam, J., Rakibul, M. (2018). Analysis and Finding Problem Solar Rooftop System (SRS) Under Dhaka Power Distribution Company (DPDC) of Bangladesh.
• Bacon, R., and Jones, J. (2021). Global electric power reform, privatization, and liberalization of the electric power industry in developing countries. Annual review of energy and the environment, 26(1), 331–359.
• Bakhtiar, M. (2012). Industry analysis: power industry of Bangladesh.
• Deeba, P., Shohana, K., and Rahman, T. (2013). Impact of Integrating Tidal Power Generation on the Reliability of Bangladesh Power System. International Journal of Energy and Power, 2(2), 38–43.
• Gupta, P., Sabuj D., Ferdous, S., and Saleque, A. (2012). Bangladesh Power Sector Reform and Multidimensional Reflections. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, 3(2), 77–104.
• Higano, Y., Yabar, H., and Kamrul, M. (2012). Introducing SocioEnvironmental Management Policy Guidelines for the Financing of Electric Power Projects in Bangladesh. In: Design for Innovative Value Towards a Sustainable Society. Springer, 936–941.
• Hosen, M., and Islam, M. (2018). Study and Analysis of Solar Rooftop System Under Dhaka Power Distribution Company (DPDC) of Bangladesh.
• Jamal, T., and Ongsakul, W. (2012). Smart Grid in Bangladesh power distribution system: Progress & prospects. In: 2012 Students Conference on Engineering and Systems. IEEE, 1–5.
• Jamal, T., Ongsakul, W., Lipu, M., Hossain, S., and Islam, M. (2014a). An Approach to Integrate Geographic Information Systems to the proposed Smart Grid for Dhaka, Bangladesh. International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology, 3(2), 124–129.

PMP Principles of Social Sciences: Short Answer Questions Explained

PMP PRINCIPLES OF SOCIAL SCIENCES

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

August 2021

ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS

Set: Week 6  

Upload: Week 10  

PMP Principles of Social Sciences

 Define ‘epistemology’ (2)

The word epistemologies originate from the Greek epistemology, which is a discipline of philosophy that works with and analyses the basis, boundaries, techniques and validity of every element seeking to get information. In this sense epistemology examines scientific knowledge's foundations and procedures. In order to define the process of knowledge production, justification and truthfulness, it takes into consideration historical, social and psychological aspects (Fumerton, 2009). Epistemology is therefore a subject employed in science to establish the degree of certainty of scientific knowledge in the many fields. Epistemology may thus also be seen as part of science's philosophy.

What is scientific knowledge?  (4)

Scientific knowledge is information and knowledge based on the study of real and evidence. It must be founded on observations and experiments to prove a hypothesis of truth or falsehood, in order to be accepted as scientific knowledge. The rationale must be associated with the science experiment, else the idea is structured just as philosophical information.

Civil-sense knowledge is largely based on popular beliefs, ideas and concepts, handed through generations via a "culture legacy," contrary to scientific knowledge requiring theoretical basis and proof in testing. Knowledge of common sense is not questionable, that is, it simply defines why, but does not trace the roads that lead to a specific conclusion. On the other hand, scientific knowledge is designed to interpret and comprehend, using scientific techniques, all processes and steps of a concept or hypothesis.

3.  List the three major field of human knowledge. What is the emphasis of each?(6)

1.) social science

Social science is a wide range of studies to understand the functioning, development and organization of society. All significant components of society are examined in sciences of society: their origins, historic processes, functioning, development features, social changes, conflicts, cultural traits and customs. S

2.) natural science

The scientific fields of natural sciences are intended to explore the broad and fundamental aspects of nature as well as all the laws and norms governing nature. Aspects such as life's behaviour are neglected from the natural sciences perspective and only variables that are naturally physical are noticed and investigated. 

3.) humanities

The humanities are currently being defined as structured areas of study in specific areas: literature, music, painting, sculpture, architecture, languages, philosophy and history (although the latter is sometimes placed among the Social Sciences). In broad terms, it seems to us that specific fields of research have been selected and that structured knowledge bodies are divided into four primary fields - sciences, humanities, natural sciences, social sciences and professional research. 

Name the main disciplines of social science and define the fields (8)

Social sciences are a series of academic disciplines that examine human aspects of individual behaviours and social organisation's operations and components. In contrast to formal disciplines like mathematics, logic or physics, social sciences are learning about living systems. They vary on the other hand from the natural sciences (which also study living systems) and on the basis of the complexities of behaviour and social consequences, the social science studies these systems. They are more connected with humanities, on the other hand, as both those who study a great amount of subjectivity and the community vary, while the social sciences stress the use of humanism. 

Anthropology is a science which analyses man's social behaviour with regard to his/her physical and cultural features (Parodi, 2009). This is the forms and standards that culture takes in previous and current cultures. Sociology is responsible for researching human and societal connections. This means that their study objects are somewhat different. It can include, among many others, religion to family, division of the social classes or racial division and the formation of States. It aims at understanding societal stability and change and transformation process. History begins by identifying the time that prehistory has transitioned into history. Thereby, it is possible to study various times defined by various societies. For instance, there is medieval, current or modern history, but also religious history, art history, global history, among many others. The study of the collection of institutions, their norms and law systems relating to legality are accountable for the Law as a specialisation of social science. Political science is the field in which political ideas, practices, institutions and conduct are studied, described and analysed. The objective is to understand how power transfers are structured publicly and socially in political decision-making processes.

Define the ‘scientific method’ and briefly state the basic assumption which underlies the use of scientific knowledge

The scientific method is a technique of inquiry used mostly in the development of science. To be termed scientific, an empirical and measuring technique for research must be established and subject to the particular rules of reasoning tests. 

Define social stratification. Name one dimension of social stratification. (2)

Stratification takes place in the three dimensions - economic, social and political - and in the classes, estates, and parties accordingly (phenomena that emerge from the uneven distribution of political, economic or social powder). The methodology approach of qualitative research is founded on the fact that social science research includes a significant socio-anthropological component, as descriptive aims demand this.

What is the qualitative method of inquiry?(2)

Appreciating the relationship between the real world and its subject, the link between the objective world and the subjectivity in the subject, and how the actors of society interpret the phenomena of social life can be achieved by explaining the truth and understanding the social sciences as reality reveals itself in its meanings.

Why is it difficult to formulate precise laws in social sciences? (2)

Only in respect to things can specific laws actually be defined. Objects may be examined, measured and observed, with predictable findings that enable scientists to build reasonable hypotheses which can then form the foundation for future study and investigation .



Why is it often impossible to study social problems using the experimental method?(4)

Science social has the right to choose its own role and therefore become conscious of the restricted tasks connecting its scientific activity; in this instance, it may utilize its own knowledge and awareness of its functions and functions.

 

10. Outline the interdisciplinary approach to the study of social problems (4)

Interdisciplinary studies include combining two or more academic fields in one action (e.g., a research project). It uses information from a number of different areas, such as sociology, anthropology, psychology, economics. It's about developing something with cross-border thinking (Wilcox, Rand R, 2013).

What new social science fields do you think will be important in ten years’ time ? Why do you think so? (4)

Overall, governmental funders and charitable organisations, have joined forces and developed the venues for the publication of the research they finance (OA). But its shape differs from place to region: Europe is predominantly gold and North America and Asia are typically green. Rapid artificial intelligence (AI) developments and technology have led to a thriving growth of these platforms. It is interoperable and the material may be accessed and displayed easily. As a consequence, there are fewer journals reliant on subscriptions. In order to post content not recorded by systems Mega journals with low publishing rates are available. Main company newspapers are still operational, several have a golden open access strategy, but are struggling in order to get manuscript entries. Preprints prosper in the globe and are connected to the final copies of the article which are still officially acknowledged. Researchers acquire information in different ways, e.g. through publications in tiny sizes and articles on a notepad. Advances in AI and technology have also given the opportunity to generate and report findings through new techniques. While the quality of research continues to play an essential role, journal publishing plays a role.

Total 40 marks (40% of course assessment )

How to Write a Problem Statement for Your Marketing Plan

How to Write a Problem Statement for Your Marketing Plan

A problem statement is a single paragraph that clearly describes the marketing problem your business is facing. It should include three sentences: the goal, the impediment, and the possible solution. To write a problem statement, you first need to understand your business. What is your company's fundamental entity (who are you?) and core competence (what do you do better than anyone else?)? Once you have a thorough understanding of your company, you can start to identify the problem.

The goal of your problem statement should be specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound. For example, your goal could be to increase market share by 10% in the next year.

The impediment is the most important weakness that is preventing your company from achieving its goal. It is located one box to the right of the goal in the Big Picture framework and is actionable: it can be removed through specific marketing actions. The solution is the correction of the impediment identified above. It should be specific and actionable, and it should be aligned with the goal of the problem statement.

Before developing your Marketing Plan (the final project), you must clearly describe the marketing problem. The problem statement is a single paragraph that contains three sentences: the goal, the impediment, and the possible solution. Of course, to identify the problem that the business faces also requires a thorough understanding of the business. Before you write your problem statement, know your company and the business objective. 

Next, outline the Fundamental Entity (Who are we?) and Core Competence (What do we do better than anyone else?) of the business. Jot down brief answers to the “who-when-where-what-why-how” questions. Once you have a thorough understanding of the company, you can write your problem statement.

To develop your problem statement, here are some guidelines:

Identify a goal that is: Grow Market share, increase revenues, introduce a new product etc.

Measurable: quantify the goal so that performance can be measured objectively (e.g., number of customers, dollars, return rates, etc.).

Time Delimited: state when performance will be measured.

Identify the Impediment:

Determine the most important weakness that is preventing the company from achieving its goal.

The impediment is located one box to the right of the goal in the Big Picture framework and is actionable: it can be removed through specific marketing actions.

Provide a Solution:

Correct the implement identified above (in Step 3) by adjusting the Big Picture framework module. Your team will be required to submit the problem statement by uploading the document to your team’s Canvas folder. Please include “Problem Statement” and your team members names on your document. Finally, your problem statement will be evaluated on both content and writing accuracy.