MGT 611 – Assessment 1

MGT 611 – 

Assessment 1

Introduction

The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development in Rio de Janeiro in 2012 gave birth to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The aim was to create a collection of common goals that addressed the world's urgent environmental, political, and economic challenges. The focus of this study is on how the banking sector can sustain and survive in difficult times. As a result, to thrive in business, the banking industry must continually adapt its operations to the constantly changing environment. Several changes have occurred in the global economy, especially in the banking sector, particularly in the context of the covid pandemic Bank need plans that are based on their operations and cope with emerging environmental and market issues effectively to succeed in this competitive climate.

The aim of this study is to determine the UN Bank's responses in the face of increasing environmental changes. Therefore, the case is about introducing the new technology in the existing system of the bank which is mReader. This will be the effective way of the users to withdraw money from the bank without using a card especially in covid pandemic situation. So, the customers can withdraw the money without touching any surface which helps to prevent the spread of the virus because they just need to hold the card near the card reader which will be available in the ATM Machines. This idea comes into mind due to the spread of the virus and also mReader will be compatible to all smart phones to reach the target audience. As we know, all the customers are not able to buy expensive phones for instance, Apple. Hence, this app will be available in cheap phones as well. Also, to reduce the environmental issues it the best way to use the money without having any plastic card with the chip in the pocket. Moreover, the importance of the service becomes very evident as bank customers face problems like card cloning, card damaging, card expiring, card maintenance and so on. This document explains the brief, description, stakeholders involved, data collection strategies and appropriate functionality of the reader system. The proposed solution system will make use of banking application in the mobile phones for authentication purposes and to take control of the self-access to the ATM.

The Brief 

Problem of the project

It has already been discussed that the competition level for the banking companies have increased to a great extent. So there has been a big problem in front of the organisations like UN Bank in which they have to understand the changing dynamics of the market conditions and have to offer the products according to the needs of the market (Deloitte, 2021). The future competitiveness of the bank is dependent on how they are able to adapt the product and move according to the expectations of the market effect of the mindset of the people has developed a great extent towards corporate social responsibility is of the banking sector and it is one of the problem area which will be focused in the project. The entire discussion will be made on what kind of initiative could be taken by the banks to be able to deal with the problem areas.

Objective

The study's aim is to see how the UN Bank responded to shifting public needs and demands. Technological, economic, and social factors are the three types of factors. The UN Bank's second target is to see how it responded to changes in industry strength. The threat of entry, the threat of a replacement product, customer bargaining power, supplier bargaining power, and sustainable racial rivalry. Moreover, this study is to determine which strategies are being used by UN Bank to respond to competition in the banking industry. Hence, the main aim is the product should be compatible to each smart phone so that it could reach to the target audience.

 Objective of the project

The smart Framework is a very important tool which helps in giving a clear understanding about the objectives of the project (Bjerke & Renger, 2017). Some of the objectives in relation to the project are as follows:

• Specific The suggestion will be suggested to the bank so that it is able to make use of knowledge and environmentally sustainable products.
• Measurable The setting of the required KPI’s will be done the which will assist in the proper measurement of the products which have to be achieved by the company.
• Achievable It is also going to be completely achieved by the bank because they are having financial resources for supporting the transformation process.
• Relevant The end of the objectives of which are being the set and the suggestions which are given a completely relevant according to the business model of the bank and it will help it to become a more sustainable in the future.
• Time bound The suggestion will be provided to the bank so that they will be able to applied the recommendations within the time frame of next 12 months.

c. Target audience

 The different types of target audience for which the solution has been defined. This will majorly include the management people and the employees working at the organisation. A complete list will be presented at the time of the presentation of the solution. The changes have to be executed by the employees and the managers working at the different branches of the bank and it will involve a proper commitment of the top management of the bank. The suggestion will also be provided keeping it to mind the changing dynamics of the environmental conditions and the customers for which the bank is being operating and is focused on providing the best services. Not only the bank but this research can also be utilised by the other banking companies which are operating in the banking sector so that they can understand that how the need to make changes in their business model to be able to survive to the changing conditions. The bank is operating in the service sector and the future success of the bank will be dependent on the efficiency with which they are able to provide the services .So the target audiences will be mainly the people that will be working as the change mechanism for implementing the change process at the organisation and at the same time it will be implemented through the operation of the top management. They need to provide time to time training to the bank officials for implementing the new solutions.

d.  Critical success factors

 These can be defined as the important result areas and the activities which have to be completed for maintaining the highest standard of quality for achieving the goals of the organisation. The most important is success factor which is applied in this case is the ability of the banking sector to manage the different types of interest of the different stakeholders in relation to the entire industry and the organisation (Schubert, 2021). They have to understand the Expectations of the customers and have to manage their requirements. So the feedback from the customer can be one of the indicator which will help understanding that whether the solutions are working properly or not.

 Description of the project

The project is focused on understanding the existing problems faced by the banks and then suggest some of the solutions for which would the help them to deal with the issue at constant changes are taking place had they have to make the best use of the technology and at the same time have to be sustainable in the kind of the products of which they provide to the people.  There are different approaches the for the researcher and in this case the explanatory study will be chosen because it will help in finding answer to the question and the problem faced by the bank (Park Jeong-Soon, 2014). They will help in investigating the cause-and-effect relationship and will help in probably finding out the best solution for the bank (QuestionPro, 2021).  This method has been chosen because it will help in investigating the problem is not clearly defined under to get better understanding of the existing problem. The basic concept will start with the general idea and how it will help in a researcher to identify the issue and the focus will be made on the future research. There are different methods are which can be utilised in this case and most prominently the focus will be on making use of the secondary research methods. The attempt will be together information from the previously published primary research. So the focus will be to get information from the different sources like magazines, newspaper articles, journals. The effort will be put that the research will be collected from the authentic and the genuine website articles to get the required information. At the same time, the literature review will also be conducted of which is one of the inexpensive method of for discovering hypothesis and at the same time it will help in getting more information about the research which has been made previously. The attempt will also be made in the research to do the case study research. In this the evaluation of a different types of contributions that have been made by the other banks for the kind of Technologies which have been used by them so that they are able to become more sustainable. So collaboratively the research will collect the information from the different sources and will provide a directional for recommending a particular solution which could be used by the bank.

Interest of Key stakeholders

The representation of employees plays an important role to protect the interest of employees. The representative will address all of the employees' issues and concerns to UN’s bank management, as well as counsel board members of this bank about how to invest in employee benefit programs. Due to this, the bank can sustain for long term. The IT field employees can also address the card less withdrawal project through their programming skills and solve all customer (regardless of their age, culture, religion) issues in term of technology. The government will impose their rules and regulation on the IT project of United nation bank so banks have a need to meet the government policies. For example, most of the china’s country app’s cannot be access worldwide because it is the rule of china government that the app benefits can be enjoy by china people. This project will include every category (children adult, senior citizens) of clients of UN’s bank. All the clients who has the smart phones can get the benefit of card less withdrawal project. This will maintain equality among the clients of UN’s bank. For example, apple valet (in which clients scan their card) feature from the banks is only available for the clients who has apple phones which creates the inequality. Due to this the customer changing need will be met by bank. 

Data Collection Strategies 

The United Nation (UN) can use the below data collection strategies for achieving their goals like to reduce cope with the climate change and planet on the future of money. 

• Data collection strategies:
• Primary Data:  Original data that has been obtained specifically for the reason in mind is referred to as primary data. It means that the information was gathered directly from the initial source.
• Secondary Data: It refers to data that has already been compiled and analyzed by someone other than the client.
• Quantitative Data: There are data that deal with quantities, values, or numbers in order to make them quantifiable. As a result, they are often represented numerically, as in length, size, quantity, price, and even duration.
• Qualitative Data: These data, on the other hand, are descriptive rather than numerical in nature and deal with quality. They are usually not observable, unlike quantitative data, and are mostly gathered by observation

PRIMARY DATA COLLECTION STRATEGIES:

Experiments, surveys, and observation or direct contact with stakeholders are all ways to gather primary data by the banks to make the money good for everyone in future while conducting experimental or descriptive studies. The following are a few methods for gathering primary data:

Observational Method: observation becomes a scientific instrument and a method of data collection for meeting the reqirments of the stakeholders like to meet the changing needs of the clients and rapid growth in technology. There are two types of it as follow:

(a )Structured (descriptive) and unstructured (exploratory) observation- A structured observation is one that is defined by the careful description of the units to be observed, the observer's style, the conditions of the observation, and the collection of relevant data for the observation. Due to this observation, the senior administrator or managers of banks  can make the adjustment for improving the effectiveness as well as the efficiency of the bank services delivery. When the characteristics aren't planned advance or aren't present. It's a called  unstructured observation.

 (b) Participant, Non-participant and disguised observation- Participant observation occurs when the observer acts as if he is a member of the community he is observing. This observation will be more benefical for bank administrator or managers to understand closely that how client actually experience their services  Non-participant observation happens when the observer observes without being a member of the group being observed. It is disguised observation if the observer observes in such a way that the people he is observing are unaware of his presence.

 

INTERVIEW METHOD: This method of data collection includes the presentation of oral verbal stimuli as well as a detailed analysis of oral-verbal responses.It can be accomplished in one of two ways:

(a) Personal interview: It necessitates the use of an interviewer( staff of bank) who will ask questions to the other person in a face-to-face environment. It can be Direct personal investigation, Indirect oral examination, Structured interviews, Unstructured interviews. The unstructured intervies will help bank department to make the equality because in this interviews, there will be no setup structure about who will join the interview. This interview will give the freedom to everyone to present their views about the services of bank.

 

(b) Telephonic interviews: It needs the interviewer (staff of bank)to gather information by calling respondents (stakeholders ) and asking questions or soliciting their views orally

 

Secondary data collection strategies:

Secondary data can be found in a variety of places by a bank to meet the stakeholder requirments. There are two types of secondary data: published and unpublished

Published Data is accessible in the following places:

⦁ Governmental publications

⦁ Technical and trade magazines.

⦁ Public documents

⦁ Documents that are either statistical or historical

Letters, diaries, unpublished biographies, and work may all contain unpublished data. The following characteristics must be evaluated before using secondary data for future of money by the banks:

⦁ Reliability of data: Who was in charge of gathering the information? What is the source of this information? Which tool should  use? Is it the right time?Is there a risk of bias? What is the concept of precision?

⦁ Suitability of data: The depth and essence of the initial inquiry must be studied, and then the findings must be carefully scrutinized.

⦁ Adequency:  If the degree of precision achieved in data is found to be insufficient, or if the data are linked to a region that is either narrower or broader than the scope of the current 

investigation, the data are deemed inadequate.

 

Qualitative data collection strategies:

Face to face personal Interviews: Because of its personal approach, this is considered the most popular data collection instrument for qualitative study. On a one-on-one and face-to-face interaction, the interviewer (the staff of bank) will gather data directly from the subject the interviewee (the clients of the bank).

Paper surveys or questionnaires: Questionnaires often have a format of short questions, and qualitative questionnaires are also open-ended, with respondents (clients of the banks) being asked to provide specific responses in their own terms. As a result, banks will get idea about how many people are living on poverty line and they can reduce poverty by delivering cost effective financial services to the poor people. For example, low interest rate spreads, avoid costly account fees

Quantitative data collection strategy:

Document Review

The banks can collect data after reviewing the current records of people because It is a cost-effective and reliable method of data collection because records are manageable and provide a realistic resource for collecting eligible data from the past. Due to this data, financial department of UN bank can estimate the poverty headcount ratio and then provide bank services to their clients on equality bases with low cost. For example, banks can provide the facility to their clients by taking the minimum fees on the international money transfer. This will be the effective step from financial department to make the equality in their customers.

Appropriate documented functionality 

As the solution prototype is to provide a service to bank customers that can allow them to withdraw money without the use of a card instead, they should be able to use their mobile banking to do the same. 

The goals or objectives of a project are defined with the help of certain requirements and the understanding of these requirements aids to determine the work area. Moreover, business and functional requirements support the project managers to forecast the progress and success ratio of the project. However, Business requirements come ahead of functional requirements. 

Business Requirements

These requirements should be clear, enough and should provide proper guidance to fulfill all the identified goals and objectives. To make the project realistic there would be high need to train bank staff about the offerings of the new service. To support spread of information, a detailed manual with some graphics can be made. Complete documentation of the project with the final report would be handed over to the UN bank for the successful completion of the project.  

We can provide some assumptions to help to achieve the desired goals.

Assumptions:

⦁ We assume that all customers know using ATMs.

⦁ Banking service is targeting individual customers.

⦁ The project management team is assumed to have enough knowledge to make the project successful.

⦁ One manager, one designer, four developers, and two testers are a part of the targeted project who work together for the successful completion of the project. 

⦁ The completion period of the project should be 6 months.

⦁ We assume that the new service to be offered is to be implemented through a mobile banking application and a tap reader is available at the ATMs.

⦁ Internet facility is always available at the time of testing.

Functional Requirements

As in the Functional requirements, we need to break down all the steps that are needed to accomplish all the business requirements. These requirements should be descripted and should be directed according to the needs or goals of business. Functionality requirements are comprehensive set of steps involved in the projects which can be illustrated as:

⦁ System analysis: This step represents the necessity of studying and analysing each part of the system in detail along with addressing existing problems.

⦁ Brainstorming: It includes the responsibilities of different team members involved in the project and all the prerequisites, benefits and the differences that the new service will offer to the UN bank.

⦁ Literature review: It composes of the research about the operating system of ATM of the UN bank and all the communication technology used in the bank.

⦁ Solution prototype: Along with a new service of doing card-less withdrawals, the UN bank will get a solution to increase the work efficiency of ATMs.

⦁ Case uses: This means that all the negative and positive outcomes of different situations need to be discussed with all the risk factors involved.

⦁ Application flow: In this step development stages of the application are discussed.

⦁ Usability test: Along with card-less withdrawal this solution prototype could be used for other situations as well and a usability test will be taken for this.

⦁ Integration test: This test will bring the testing of the entire system which will include a new feature.

⦁ SRS Documentation: This includes the documentation of the goals or objectives, functional and non-functional requirements, assumptions, constraints applied, and the interfaces required for the project.

⦁ Feasibility test: This study should be performed to assess the relevancy of the proposed plan.

⦁ Screen and web development: This will help to design the webpage for our service to be installed in the mobile banking of UN bank.

⦁ Testing: This step consists of a review and analysis of the proper functioning of the application.

 

User stories

User stories are brief descriptions of what is exactly needed out of the project. Basically, user stories are part of the Agile approach and this is highly preferred because these are simple and consistent and prioritizes requirements. Moreover, it helps to deliver the service which is highly demanded by the customers. User stories ensure the successful completion of projects. We have provided user stories as a part of the mind map which describes the viewpoint of different persons involved in the project. 

Mind Map

A clear problem statement to guide the solution process is Bank can use Business process Reengineering strategy which aimed to helps the organisations that they can rethink how they do their work to lauch a final improve customer service, cut operational costs, and become world class competitors. 

 solution prototype: The final product of the bank will be cradles withdrawl  of money like people can click on the cradles option at the ATM and can withdraw money by entering pin only or they can use their phone wallet for the same.

South African Health System Analysis Dissertation

South African Health System Analysis

SEO Keywords: South Africa, health care, medical services, quality, Netcare, Medi-Clinic, health insurance, health therapies, surgery, ambulances, rescue vehicles, general practitioners, consultants, pharmacists, dentists, physiotherapists, psychiatrists, alternative practitioners, homeopaths, acupuncturists, reflective scientists.

Introduction

There are many major government hospitals and private clinics in the South African medicinal services of high quality. However, government hospitals are subsidized and overpopulated. The medically operating providers Netcare or Medi-Clinic normally supervise private clinics, 80 of which are located in South Africa (Crush, 2007). These medical centers in South Africa maintain high quality and provide specialized care, but they are far more costly. Before heading to South Africa, tourists can buy robust health insurance. By the way, medical services are usually cheaper in this country than in other countries (Silal et al., 2020). Health therapies are usually cheaper in this country incidentally than elsewhere. Often visitors prefer to have surgery in South Africa with consciousness, for example by a plastic surgeon. There are also pressures on provincial ambulance departments and numerous private health services are now assisting. The emphasis is on roadside help and other emergencies to transport patients to appropriate hospitals in well-equipped ambulances and rescue vehicles. South African doctors are known for their highly professional expertise for decades. Many general practitioners and consultants are licensed with the South African Council on Health Professionals in urban areas (Gilson, 2019). The dispensing of drugs on list IV or above of the UN Convention without a prescription is forbidden for South African pharmacists. All other medical providers, such as dentists, physiotherapists, psychiatrists, training specialists and podiatrists, as well as alternative practitioners of medicine, such as homeopaths, acupuncturists, and reflective scientists, can be found in South Africa. Many health outlets are also available, also with experts who can provide sound advice (Solankib et al., 2020).

National health system of South Africa

Health therapies are usually cheaper in this country incidentally than elsewhere. Often visitors prefer to have surgery in South Africa with consciousness, for example by a plastic surgeon. There are also pressures on provincial ambulance departments and numerous private health services are now assisting (Crush et al., 2004). The emphasis is on roadside help and other emergencies to transport patients to appropriate hospitals in well-equipped ambulances and rescue vehicles. South African doctors are known for their highly professional expertise for decades. Many general practitioners and consultants are licensed with the South African Council on Health Professionals in urban areas. The burden of conventional diseases like HIV/Aids and TB in South Africa is severe, and the burden of life-life illnesses such as cardiovascular and chronic illness is growing. Health care in South Africa has become extremely serious. The standard and allocation of the public 50 per cent of medical expenses, serving more than 80 per cent of the population) and the private ones is significantly different, while the nation spends relatively above the average on medical treatment 7 per cent of GDP (Edoka & Stacey, 2020). The cost of health insurance and fewer than 20% of the population) serves healthcare. In short, the country wants goods and services that boost performance, capability and quality dramatically. It is interesting for foreign investors to invest in that sector because of the consistency of South African health care and the business environment in that sector. Every year, too, medical tourism grows. The public sector is experiencing challenges in terms of management, service delivery and capacity while the private sector is facing the problem of rising costs and challenges in terms of clinical management (Gilson, 2019).

They are also facing declining per capita spending (Panzer et al., 2020). In South Africa, universal health coverage is now doing reasonably well, but unfairly. A universal-health study was published in December 2017 by the World Bank and the World Health Organization which achieved a 69% score of the existing South African healthcare system, up from a 90% score of the UK. South Africa has four times the burden of illness, as the health system is broken and inefficiency and duplication are the order of the day (Crush et al., 2004). The public sector faces management, service quality and capability problems while the private sector faces increasing cost and challenges. In a world with diseases such as HV / Aids and TB already weakening the immunity of thousands, if the spread is not managed, we should brace for an unparalleled outbreak, the public health and health care system in South Africa is integrated and focused on. Both the private and the public sector comprise the national health system (Mohammed, 2020).

Private health is comprised of PNFP, private healthcare professionals (PHPs) and conventional medicine practitioners (TCMPs). Up to 50 percent of the health services are provided by those private sectors. Government health services are part of the public sectors; Government health facilities; Health care departments of numerous ministries comprise the public sector. Several roles were assigned to independent national agencies like NDA in the Ministry of Health. The distribution through state, community and medical districts of health services is decentralized. VHTs, volunteers in cities that promote health promotion, service delivery, involvement and empowerment are the lowest standards. Health Clinics and health centres at district level, where the formal health system has first stages of contact with populations (Gilson, 2019). It delivers ambulatory and neighbourhood programs (Crush et al., 2004). The above stages are general hospitals with a wide range of facilities, including surgery and blood transfusions. It is also suitable for teaching and testing. More advanced health facilities are offered at the local referrals and teaching and testing are also included. The national hospitals provide, in addition to all other health care, the highest levels of specialized facilities. The referral scheme varies from the lowest level of service delivery to the highest level of treatment. It is an enticing location for expatriates and pensioners in South Africa (Chu et al., 2019). The reality is that South African expats are given a daily living environment. The reality is that South African expats would be given a daily habitat and a variety of social meetings. They still have the possibility of taking high-level focal points, including healthcare and modest lifestyle structures. 

In this way, South Africa's Social Security System for all-inclusive inclusion is among the strongest in the world to ensure that patients are not used directly. South Africa is using medical care, which is supported by government savings payments, to brush 10% of the GDP (Chu et al., 2019). The current system is composed of three authoritative tiers, as shown by African properties. The emphasis agency, along with the rule and enforcement of government welfare laws, is responsible for giving advice on welfare. It also organizes exercises to reduce the use of illegal drugs  (Dipeolu, 2014).

The majority of the professionals are self-employed contractors in practice alone. The price charged for services is dependent on the "service amount" form. Most experts are over 55 years and most do not wish to become paying hospital network staff. These experts tend to teach in the urban areas where they are actually located (Crush et al., 2010).

The health, and healthcare provisions of the South Africa

Self-supporting network

South Africa has autonomous networks. They each provide the provincial community with integrated health care through the Network's centres, services and foundations. The local areas are accountable in the degree of the Autonomous Community for the management of the social services administrations provided. It is distinguished by population, geology, environment, economics, industry, the study of transmission of diseases and culture. to increase production and service (Marie Ouedraogo & Flessa, 2016).

Essential social insurance services in South Africa 

Essential health services are adjacent to the neighbourhoods. The latter has a wide range of emergency hospitals and social security facilities around the world noted for its qualified and ready employees everywhere (Fourie & Jayes, 2021). Extreme access and value requirements in particular mean that critical online human resources must also be home-schooling, regardless of the extent, and that they should also accelerate the advancement of well-being and disease anticipation. Focus on authority and emergency services provides master care for ambulatory and hospital patients. Therefore, patients who have gained are returned to their vital expert (Hamilton Sipho Simelane et al., 2004). Therefore, patients benefiting from this are returned to their main doctor. The latter is accountable for all important registry therapy and medication, which assures continuous treatment, independent of patient residency and individual circumstances, in unbiased conditions.

Framework for private medical services in South Africa 

The private department largely provides faster assistance to patients in addition to valuable focal points, including private rooms, the express dispatch of test outcomes, and keeping patients informed through messages and instant messaging. Be that as it may, in Madrid, for example, without the vast scope of open medical clinics, and the enormous system of community services for people and medicine, many expats want to take advantage of the private area to have a variety of masters and specialists. In addition to valuable focus points, like private premises, the private department mostly offers quicker help for patients, provides express test delivery and informs them by messages and immediate messages (Ataguba, 2021). However, many people wish to use the private sphere with a number of masters and experts in Madrid, for example, without the large range of open medical hospitals and the huge government care infrastructure for people and medicine (Ataguba et al., 2014).

Who can benefit from the medicine framework in South Africa 

The universal health care framework in South Africa is supported by promises to support the country's standard savings, which is subject to the lowest and most severe rates set by the parliament. In reality, 4,7% of their annual remuneration is paid under the uniform savings scheme, while workers are contributing 23,6% of their benefit (Lagomarsino et al., 2012). Independent professionals therefore cost between 26.5% and 29.3% anywhere. Anyone who works or lives in South Africa will be able to profit from the transparent and private medical system, which offers free evaluation fees and state regulated savings (J Crush, 1997). The odds are high that people living in another UA nation take advantage of the need for the privilege of human resources (Onoya et al.,2021).

AU people of South Africa will then use their African Health Care Coverage Card again in a brief presumption, enabling them to obtain healthcare services at the same expense as citizens. Though third-country nationals need to check their private health coverage before they secure a visa in South Africa. In order to enforce UN and related organizations' resolutions and decisions, South Africa has signed a key Agreement with the WHO on the establishment of technical consultative cooperation ties (Lagomarsino et al., 2012). Upon settlement in South Africa, the exhibitors have to record their location on a map for human service and on the governmental incapacity provided by the corporation provided by the municipal Council of the neighbourhood. For self-employed workers who are out of employment, the government has to pay their own disability duties. Public and private frameworks in South Africa are well-known for their high level of administration and quality, taking everything into consideration (Lefko-Everett & Southern African Migration Project, 2007).

The latter offers free universal health care for seniors, particularly those from other AU states, as well as for people belonging to the government's regulated saviours’ framework and their families. In reality, the Social Insurances system in South Africa can also help remote members working for organisations or outsiders in South Africa. It has a magnificent private and open drugs arrangement that practically operates within the State Structure (McIntyre & Ataguba, 2012).

Explore how scarce resources are allocated within the health economy

It was noticed that health growth in home countries made little gains during the apartheid era in South Africa. Wide sections of the population have no access to modern health care at their disposal. In comparison, the bulk of the nation was faced with the issues of water insufficiency, food scarcity, non-existent sanitary systems, unchecked population growth and disease risk - the characteristics of a catastrophic population (McIntyre & Ataguba, 2012). South Africa was regarded as the most industrialized country on the continent with health care facilities that can be compared from ours. The new democratic government took the lead from this situation

Sustainability of the measures

In 1994, the new democratic government set itself the task of building a health system to abolish such abuses and also to ensure justice in this sector (Mcdonald et al., 2005). Health economy is a core level of medical treatment, which covers health education services, early diagnosis or injury, and disease prevention. A small number of patients, mostly people living in a certain geographical location, are provided with healthcare in an ambulatory hospital. It protects continued health services provided by a family nurse. In certain cases, national and regional specialist hospitals are disproportionately impacted by the national health expenditure. Training of these people in particular would be given more importance. The participation of traditional healers in the health system is another factor (Mcdonald et al., 2005). There have, to date and not adopted into the state health services, been deemed to be "unscientific." However, it is precisely these health economic shares which allow people to get closer to and identify with a health system. It also saves money and encourages people's democracy. Health economics is also a health system, as opposed to, for example, health care schemes that rely solely on the restoration of health. This is apparent from the main emphasis of the PHC on prevention (McIntyre & Ataguba, 2012). The successful involvement of citizens in the health sector is another priority of the health economy. It is not just people who should be users, it should be helped to shape it. This extends both to the mission formulation and the solution of problems in the health system, with the objective of responding to local demands and goals (Burger & Christian, 2020). An involved lay sector adds special significance to the health economy. 

Intersectoral cooperation:

According to Reddy, (2020) Additional areas related to health may also be included, for example in education, environment, facilities, administration and politics, and healthcare. In South Africa, under apartheid, but against the backdrop of saving costs, the health economy system was developed in order to escape responsibility for health conditions in the homelands by the responsibility of the families (Sechaba Consultants, 1997).  Law and Health 1994 saw the replacement of the apartheid regime and the first free elections. The removal of ethnic separation and the rights of a tiny white minority has made the reorganization of the health system possible (Crush & Tawodzera, 2011).

Everyone has the right to have access to:

Health services, including obstetrics;

sufficient food and water;

social security and, if that person is unable to provide for themselves or their loved ones, adequate social support.

The state must ensure through legislation that the progressive implementation of each of these rights is achieved within the existing possibilities.

no person may be denied emergency assistance.

Reconstruction and Development Program (RDP)

The RDP's basic goal is to increase living conditions by improving incomes and income gains, improving sanitation, affordable supply, supplies of energy and accommodation. All these would have a good health impact. Many other health-related policies and programs should be studied and considered for their consequences (Sechaba Consultants, 1997). This software is intended to create a safe human community. It goes beyond the traditional field of healthcare. For starters, it will be important to upgrade the infrastructure, introduce clean water programs, develop schools and clinics, create jobs and highlight education. Good intersectoral cooperation is essential and implements (Sechaba Consultants, 1997).

Reflection on the health economic approaches 

Restructuring the National Health System for Universal Access to PHC

It is the first paper that has formally addressed health sector reform in accordance with PHC following the conclusion of Apartheid. Making the first critical decisions

health economy should be free of charge for the consumer.

A doctor must have worked in rural areas for two years before he can work in the private sector.

The Medicines and Related Substances Control Amendment Act

It is the first paper that has formally addressed health sector reform in accordance with PHC following the conclusion of Apartheid. Making the first critical decisions. The period of apartheid has been marked by high costs of drugs and an irrational use of medicines, on the one hand. A legislation that would reduce the costs of the treatment of drugs and restrict the dispensing of drugs was also required (Cleary & McIntyre, 2010). For example, savings must be achieved by importing medicines that are more cheaply manufactured overseas and using generics. A great deal to the wrath of the local drug company. Individuals that administer medication must be licensed with. This is likely for nurses in the future, too.

The Choice on Termination of Pregnancy Act

The law allows health services to perform abortions at the request of the pregnant woman. This applies up to the 12th week of pregnancy and beyond for special indications 

The Pharmacy Amendment Act

The objective of this legislation is to integrate the pharmacy system under PHC aspects into the multidisciplinary medical system. It has been agreed to establish a permanent pharmacist representative (Pharmacists' Council). Contrary to this, where a non-pharmacist are continuously supervised by a trained pharmacist, a pharmacy is now still allowed.

The structure of the health system

On 16 April 1997, in the government's Gazette #17910, the Minister of Health issued "South Africa's White Paper on the Transformation of Health." This paper includes the legislative objectives and ideals on which South Africa's health system is based (Sechaba Consultants, 1997).

The main goals are:

• The amalgamation of the fragmented health services into a comprehensive national health system that integrates all people.
• The reduction of injustices in medical treatment through a health system based on PHC.
• Particular attention should be paid to mothers, children and women.
• Motivation of all affected areas to support the new national health system 

The levels of the health system

a) Provincial level: South Africa is now divided into nine provinces. Each has its own legislative power, which, compared to our federal states, is more closely tied to the national legislature (Chersich et al., 2020).

b) District level: The individuality of South Africa's healthcare system lies in its division into independent health districts, that is, geographically adjacent operating areas between 200,000 and 750,000 population (depending on the population density of the urban or rural areas). By the year 2000, the borders in the districts will be very difficult to decide in South Africa (Carrin, 2007).

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Burger, R., & Christian, C. (2020). Access to health care in post-apartheid South Africa: availability, affordability, acceptability. Health Economics, Policy and Law, 15(1), 43-55.

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Building Trust Through Active Listening

Building Trust Through Active Listening 

Keywords:
Active Listening, Trust, Communication, Sincerity, Accountability, Human Interactions, Mental Aptitudes, Understanding, Empathy

Active listening

It's an art to know how to hear. It demonstrates the ability to be empathic, intellectually profound, understanding and contact space. Hearing takes care of what is said, attended and understood. Anyone who listens has a listening sensation. Anyone who attends uses the understanding to understand what he hears. The ordinary truth suggests us hear a lot, hear less and contribute less (Headlee, 2012). To understand how to listen also means making available the will and purpose of the message we will receive which gives rise to communication and, as we have already seen from micromanagement, communication is the first and foremost of mental aptitudes. In the same way, we don't always care. When we do, depending on the outcome we want to get, we use one or two strategies.

Active Listening, Trust, Communication, Sincerity, Accountability, Human Interactions, Mental Aptitudes, Understanding, Empathy

Building Trust

In human interactions and in our wellbeing, trust is an important feature. It all relies on the truth of our expectations and projects. Missing trust is the foundation for all sorts of problems, ending marriages and preventing us from going in the desired direction. But not only can we trust others, but also can trust us (Gebbia, n.d.). It's important. That someone shows us the disposition to speak about stuff, to be sincere, to say that they don't believe on the contrary, the individual who understands how to give us his view, even if it doesn't align with ours, the person who says anything to us and doesn't say something else to someone else. These are all instances of a "transparent." Sincerity is not "sincerities," since it doesn't mean to say "anything" as believe, but not to say the contrary. Confidence is broken if there is no accountability.



References

Gebbia, J. (n.d.). How Airbnb designs for trust. Www.ted.com.

 https://www.ted.com/talks/joe_gebbia_how_airbnb_designs_for_trust?language=en

Headlee, C. (2012). 10 ways to have a better conversation. Ted.com; TED Talks. https://www.ted.com/talks/celeste_headlee_10_ways_to_have_a_better_conversation

Prosocial Behaviour: Exploring Empathy, Altruism, Mindfulness and Emotional Intelligence

What did you observe about the behaviours?

Blood donation is an example of prosocial behaviour.

If the human being has been so unique, that is partially because he has succeeded in building large social networks of shared care and information sharing. In other words, in several respects we are linked, a pattern that can be summed up in one concept, the pro-social behaviour. Then we can see precisely in the series “What would you do” what is prosocial behaviour, what is communicated and how the phenomena of empathy and co-operation are linked. I have found that the events in the episodes address whether regular people the “bystanders” will act pro-socially in three different viewpoints allow one to understand empathic ability. In view of both, the mediation function of this phenomenon can only be distinguished in prosocial behaviour like empathy as a consequence of the first two, cognitive process or the encounter. The results suggest that, while it was not assumed that it was a causative cause, but a mediator, the First Case was more closely linked to the actions of the other. Thus, the degree of dispositional empathy, the connection between children and mothers, the kind of situation in which empathy exists, the age of children (MacCann, 2010).

The benefits are correlated not only with an optimisation of individual emotional status, but also with greater intellectual competence in the cooperative behaviour, where cognitive abilities such as rationale and mastery of functional information are encouraged during school time. It may also be said that the promotion of pro-social behaviour, once it matures into maturity, will become a significant psychological protecting mechanism to the subject in future. Whilst it seems paradoxical, it means learning how to suit the rest and enjoy its security in some aspects, to grow, mature and acquire autonomy

altruism

The philosopher Augusto Compte coins the idea of altruism. altruism may often be driven by incentives such as personal contentment, avoidance of pain or remorse. In this way, regarding altruism and the works already described, altruism aims for the good of the other and it seems that this results from an empathy between the other person's and their own feelings. The hypothesis of altruism and empathy gives empathy. The hypothesis of altruism and empathy implies that empathy creates altruism, and we can support for only one purpose. There are also no reasons for being helpful in the relation between empathy and altruism. the fine arts, NGOs, humanitarian charities—depend on the generosity of wealthy citizens with altruistic impulses. 

Mindfulness

Awareness is a basic activity, meaning that will be completely aware and present. It focuses on inner ideas, emotions, body and atmosphere. It is often aimed at. For example, we can practice informally. Bring attention to our everyday lives, our job, our home, our contacts, etc. It can be formal practice like meditation (MacCann, 2010). 

Emotional Intelligence (EI)

Emotional intelligence, a term invented by Peter Salovey, may be conceptualized as "such a relational intelligence that requires the capacity to track and comprehend one's own emotion and those of others. Emotional intelligence is therefore a mechanism that enables one to understand how we can manipulate both our feelings and our interpreting of other people's emotional situations in an adaptive and intellectual manner. In terms of socializing and adapting to the surrounding world, this part of the psychological human component plays a crucial role.  For example, when we think very closely about the role of our feelings in our everyday lives, we soon understand that there are numerous moments when they affect our lives decisively, even though we don't. We may be wondering: (1) Have I purchased my car and compared it to other versions and makes it profitably? (2) Have I selected my wife because it was the right choice objectively? (3) Is my work the right pay for me? (3) Many of our preferences are more or less emotionally affected.

References

MacCann, C. (2010). Further examination of emotional intelligence as a standard intelligence: A latent variable analysis of fluid intelligence, crystallized intelligence, and emotional intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences, 49(5), 490–496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.05.010

Spinrad, T. (2017). Prosocial Behavior in Young Children. Www.youtube.com. https://youtu.be/pKznzY2vzD0

Paciello, M., Fida, R., Cerniglia, L., Tramontano, C., & Cole, E. (2013). High cost helping scenario: The role of empathy, prosocial reasoning and moral disengagement on helping behavior. Personality and Individual Differences, 55(1), 3–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2012.11.004

Spinrad, T. (2017). Prosocial Behavior in Young Children. Www.youtube.com. https://youtu.be/pKznzY2vzD0

Prosocial Behavior: How Gender and Culture Predict Helping”

 “Prosocial Behavior: How Gender and Culture Predict Helping” 

The Parable of the Good Samaritan is a Christian story about compassion which has had significant cultural influence.

Think about and answer the following two questions:

1 - How might the term and concept of schemas relate to prosocial behavior?
2 - How might schemas affect your “Motivated Self” toward being prosocial or not?

1 - How might the term and concept of schemas relate to prosocial behavior?

Mental constructs in the social sciences, used by a person for organizing intelligence and guiding cognitive behavior and processes. People categories objects and events on the basis of basic elements and attributes using schemas (plural schema) and thereby view and forecast the universe. For, pro-social activity only in the state of high success was expected. The results suggest that self-schemes will control actions if participants are conscious of themselves. The donor opportunity to influence their behavior can therefore demand greater salience. The schema would be part of the experiential, implicit, emotional and rudimentary, being similar to theories about the motivated self, the world and the relationships between the two, including the relationships with others (Paciello et al., 2013). In this way, we could affirm that these sets of beliefs would be and would works active and dynamic models, similar to the concept of active internal models of the theory of attachment, which states that the child develops a vision of the self, others and relationships based on their experience with caregivers. Thus, the experiential beliefs would be of a more general and abstract level, and would affirm appositive vision of the world, others and the self. Prosocial Behavior, Gender, Culture, Helping, Schema, Motivated Self

2 - How might schemas affect your “Motivated Self” toward being prosocial or not?

The fundamental beliefs about the world, social relations and the self. There are a number of universal assumptions about themselves and the environment as well as others, which are fundamentally and tacit, are routinely dependent on the subjective reality and aim to stay powerful even despite the proof that does not justify it). Thus, for example, even though people are agreed that the environment is unjust in terms of the ration, and so show it in cases of unhappiness, which cannot be remedied, and which leads to emotional activation, they have a tendency to assign blame in part to the perpetrator. The predisposition to react more rapidly and intensely to negative events has been proposed as an evolutionary basis: the cost of missing opportunity or resources is less than that of unawares threats; thus, this predisposition to the negative is chosen as an adaptive feature in the growth of the species

Comparing Prosocial Behaviour in China and the US: Why is China the Lowest?

Why do you think China had the lowest level of helping behaviours? How do you think America compared? 

Keywords: Prosocial behaviour, China, US, Children's Television Act, Academic Performance, Altruistic Behaviour, Social Cohesion, Harmonious Social Environments, Empathy, Moral Disengagement, Helping Behaviour

In the US, the Children's Television Act was passed in 1990 with the goal of introducing services and pro-social programs to children. The report notes that channels must produce and air content specially designed for children to renew broadcasting licences. Following debates about what "specifically intended for infants" means, standards for the correction of this uncertainty were passed in 1996. On the contrary, after several decades of eradicating classic values China become less prosocial. The traditional aspects of prosocial behaviour: exchanging and donating of money, supporting others, volunteering for charity and assisting the vulnerable. A wealth of studies reveals that prosocial behaviour, including academic performance, personal happiness, social competence and subjective health, is correlated with different facets of healthy youth development (Eisenberg & Paul Henry Mussen, 1989). Interestingly, prosocial growth findings are rare in Chinese teenagers in contrast to the high number of anti-social activity studies. 

 

And, do YOU have to be the one to help?  Why or why not? Explain, and give one example of a time you exhibited prosocial behaviour.

Prosocial activity extends to altruistic behaviours, such as the comfort and support of others, as well as the sharing and delivery of the neediest. The examination of prosocial behaviour, which makes cohesion easier for the social group, is important as it forms part of everyday coexistence among different people in a society. In addition, prosocial behaviours, which is contrasted with violent behaviour, can help to create more harmonious social environments by helping the more vulnerable in a community (Paciello et al., 2013). Prosocial activity is an intervention meant solely for the good of others. 



References

Eisenberg, N., & Paul Henry Mussen. (1989). The roots of prosocial behavior in children. Cambridge University Press.

Paciello, M., Fida, R., Cerniglia, L., Tramontano, C., & Cole, E. (2013). High cost helping scenario: The role of empathy, prosocial reasoning and moral disengagement on helping behavior. Personality and Individual Differences, 55(1), 3–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2012.11.004

How the Ego Impacts Our Personality

How the Ego Impacts Our Personality

Keywords: Ego, Egocentrism, Personality, Jean Piaget, Self-Centeredness, Mental Body

Psychology suggests that the ego is the mental body that enables a person to know and identify his or her own personality. In order to fulfil the needs of the personality within social boundaries, the ego mediates between the wishes of the id and the spiritual tasks of the superego. The word "egocentrism," meaning ego me, is the exaggerated exaltation of the identity of one. The egocentric one focuses on his attitude (Royzman et al., 2003). Psychologists stress that self-centeredness involves feeling that one's views and desires are more important than others' thinking. In his opinion, what the egocentric wants is the only thing he wants. In his opinion, what the egocentrism desires is the only thing of worth. Swiss experimental psychologist Jean Piaget (1896-1980) said that all children are egocentrism and they cannot recognize that others might have different criteria and values. 

But other experts reduce their education to a minimum. Various thinkers have shared their thoughts on self-centeredness and its implications and it is very important to see that this is a severe conduct which as often as its other face deprives a person of pleasure, utter abandonment of others, neglect of his needs. When a human spends his whole life on himself, the most noticeable effect is the disconnection from the rest of the living creatures, the loss of dedication and concern to others, but the self-centeredness is neglected, too. I will remove the involvement of future mates by relying solely on my own desires. Egocentric people are often described as creatures who can value only themselves, but they can often feel too good to be loved by others, because they cannot grasp their dominance. 

In Evolutionary psychology, ego-centre, in the second childhood, is natural emotional and/or psychological. It has a typical mindset between 3 and 6 years and is marked by the lack of differentiation between personal reality and objective fact. The psychologist Jean Piaget said all children are egocentrism at this point and they do not have behavioural systems capable of showing that other individuals have differing values, desires and thoughts. 

Critical thought also takes the form of critical thinking founded on arguments that are usually arranged mutually hierarchically. Provide students with a text and let them explore arguments by developing a system of arguments (Royzman et al., 2003). This allows for a graphical description of logical relations and for a simpler recognition of premises and conclusions. Furthermore, they notice potential errors in logic. The biggest challenge to logical thinking is egocentric thought. What is tragic is that we generally do not take care of others' rights and desires, nor do we respect others' points of view, nor do we disregard our shortcomings. We do not consider egocentrism theories, our self-centered use of knowledge, the self-centered analysis of results, the self-centered origins of our ideas or the effects of our self-centered thinking (AugustaStatePsych, 2011). We use self-centered psychological criteria to decide what we believe and deny rather than to use intellectual standards of thought. Knowledge and knowledge are important to improve logical thought. Because, A logical thinker not only makes an argument, but bases it on sound arguments based on good sources; it tests the rationale of claims, takes account of and may counter potential objections to his claim. This allows him to make a clear assessment of what to think or do.

References

AugustaStatePsych. (2011). Egocentrism. Www.youtube.com. https://youtu.be/SIw4FVQeGWg

Royzman, E. B., Cassidy, K. W., & Baron, J. (2003). “I Know, you Know”: Epistemic Egocentrism in Children and Adults. Review of General Psychology, 7(1), 38–65. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.7.1.38

How have you changed? Psychology paper

Lesson 6 

Tell your story. Think about and discuss your personal history -yours story-in relation to the elements of reasoning

1. To do this, think about and answer the following: 
2. How have your goals and purpose changed over the course of your life? 
3. What influenced you to take on those goals in the first place, and what influenced you to change the ones you have changed? 
4. How do you anticipate your goals changing in the future?

Then, contrast the questions that were most on your mind five years ago with those that are most on your mind now. 

How have you changed? 

What are some of the major problems you have faced, ones that may have shaped who you are today?

 In 1-2 pages, with respect to the main assumptions you have made in your life, to how you have gotten in touch with the consequences of your actions, tell your story! This can provide you with insight into your life you often cannot get any other way.  I know what you're thinking...what does this have to do with critical thinking...well, assumptions are one of the many elements to reasoning, which we'll learn about next week! Upload your story here! 

This is also the week to upload a draft paper if you'd like feedback from me!  Including it as an additional attachment is totally fine! 

My Journey from Business Student to Nurse

Discovering Crucial Habits for Personal Growth: My Journey from Business Student to Nurse

Since I started my journey with personal development, I have discovered several things that could help me become a more fulfilling person and more satisfied with my choices among them, I discovered some habits that were crucial in my life change as originally, I was a business student to become an accountant and then after seeing what my dad went through concerning his health, I then decided to change my course to become a nurse. Over the years, personal goals have evolved fairly. This is a positive thing; it is not set into stone. Around the same time, it does not improve so quickly. We have to stick to it for a while if we want to do something positive. The important thing is that versatility and stability are balanced (Sabin, 2016).

In my life, meditation was such a changeful practice that I speak to others about it and say it repeatedly. Meditation helps me to be more present, aware and focused. It can be accomplished within five to ten minutes a day, which time I am able to reserve. I concentrate only now, without something that distracts only me, my body and my mind, in a moment when I am present. I had only annual targets at one point in my life, which I wrote on 1st January and finished on 31st December. I started working on a brilliant way to build my priorities and my ideas, and both changed everyday goals. Now I'm doing a lot more than before. Now I've done much more than I have done before and I'm much happier. Stuff have been left out before.

 They come true now! Today! I advocate knowing my path here if I cannot describe my objectives, where I speak about the exact creation and achievement of the life of my dreams. I didn't previously know how to set goals and was disappointed, so I didn't do something. Moreover, what I did on my day didn't correspond to what I expected (Shapiro, 2020). Daily objectives give me the inspiration required to concentrate on where I should be precisely. It's probably a normal cycle that, when I get satisfied, I first concentrate and eventually open up.

It's definitely a normal progression where I first concentrate on myself and loosen up while I come to terms with it. My competition objectives were before stuff like 'Qualify for the world championships in ironman’s. I am now more like to spend quality time with friends and siblings. The aim is not to target a result but to enjoy the process. It's life, I suppose. Life's purpose should be life itself, otherwise I will never survive entirely. The life's roller coaster begins and the unavoidable downs, frustrations and hurdles begin to hamper us in completing us r objective. It is helpful at this stage to examine us r priorities and remember what is our long-term aiming to do. I should remember I am trying to do and have the motivation to work through the complicated patches.

References

Sabin, S. (2016, March 17). 5 Reasons Why Setting goals Changes Your Life. Medic Footprints. https://medicfootprints.org/5-reasons-why-setting-goals-changes-your-life/

Shapiro, J. (2020). How to Set Goals for Personal Change. Psychology Today. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/thinking-in-black-white-and-gray/202009/how-set-goals-personal-change