An investigation into culture shock in international students studying at ICP - 5000 words Dissertation

Experiences of Cultural Shock among International Students at ICP: A Research Study

Dive into a research paper exploring the experiences of cultural shock among international students at ICP. Discover the major themes of interaction with teachers, classmates, and academic tasks. Explore the hypothesis that Asian and Middle Eastern students at ICP are more prone to cultural shock, supported by findings related to power distance and social mentality.

Keywords:

1. Cultural shock among international students

2. Experiences of international students at ICP

3. Themes of cultural shock

4. Interaction with teachers and cultural shock

5. Interaction with classmates and cultural shock

6. Dealing with academic tasks and cultural shock

7. Hypothesis on cultural shock among international students

8. Asian and Middle Eastern students and cultural shock

9. Power distance and cultural shock

10. Social mentality and cultural shock

Abstract

This research paper explores the experiences of cultural shock among the International students of ICP. The findings of the research suggests that the international students at ICP encounter experiences of cultural shock following three major themes. These are interaction with teachers, interaction with classmates and dealing with academic and organisational tasks. The main hypothesis of the research is,International students of ICP coming from Asian and Middle Eastern countries are more prone to cultural shock than the international students from other countries, which is approved by the findings. Differences in power distance and in social mentality (i.e. collectivist vs individualist) are found to be the main reason behind this inference. 

Contents

• Abstract    
• Introduction:    
• Research aims and objectives:    
• Hypothesis:    
• Literature review:    
• Methodology:    
• Analysis and discussion:    
• Reflexive account:    
• Conclusion:    
• References:    

Introduction:

Tarry (2011) inferred that that going abroad to study could induce the effect of transforming cultures. Language plays an important role in this process. However, along with having to learn in a foreign language, the international students are often faced with religious and cultural taboos in regards to social behavior, sexual mores, gender relations, social rules and lifestyles. Because of such challenges, a potential for conflict and disruption in the life of these international students is observed. Zhou et al. (2008) argues that facing a new culture can have both positive and negative effects. International students can get enlightened by gaining deeper insight into the culture of the host country, which could heighten self awareness and enhance appreciation for foreign cultures. On the other hand, these students can experience cultural shock where their deep-rooted beliefs and perspectives are challenged, which in turn could threaten their sense of identity. Under such circumstances, the sense of well-being of international students could also be threatened (Forbes-Mewett & Nyland, 2008). 

This study aims to identify how the international students at ICP experience cultural shock. The findings will help understand the underlying causes and will help formulate potential solutions to the detrimental effects of cultural shock. 

Research aims and objectives:

This study aims to identify how the international students of ICP (International College of Portsmouth) experience cultural shock. The research will explore themes and patterns by analyzing the experiences of the students. 

Objectives:

The research objectives are as follows:

1. To analyze the experiences of cultural shock among international students of ICP to identify certain patterns.

2. To determine which nationality of ICP students experiences cultural shock more significantly. 

3. To explore the underlying factors that contribute to the experiences of cultural shock among the international students of ICP. 

4. To recommend ways in which detrimental effects of cultural shock can be reduced among the students of ICP. 

Research questions:

1. To what extent are international, students of ICP are affected by the varying culture in the UK?

2.  What are the underlying factors that instigate cultural shock among the international students of ICP and how do they cope with it?

Hypothesis:

International students of ICP coming from Asian and Middle Eastern countries are more prone to cultural shock than the international students from other countries. 

Literature review:

As Devito (2019) infers, cultural shock can often act as the first step towards developing cultural beliefs in an individuals. Either the individuals could get a fresh perspective on their own culture, which might lead them to respect their own culture and heritage more, or the new perspective could also enable harmonious assimilation of the existing culture with the new cultural experiences. These changes occur through the stages of crisis, recovery and adjustment (which are the stages of cultural adjustment, the first of which is the honeymoon phase). Alternatively, cultural shock can also induce a ‘fight or flight’ response where the international students either thrive to stay safe from any psychological harm or abandon the culture altogether. 

According to Maslow’s need hierarchy, there are five distinct needs of human beings.  These are physiological needs, safety and security needs, love and acceptance, self-esteem, and self actualisation. It has been inferred that while the lower level needs i.e. physiological needs, safety and security, love and acceptance may be common across all cultures, the higher level needs might not be applicable to collectivist cultures. This is because in collectivist cultures the higher level needs are related more to the interactions of individuals to different social networks. In simpler terms, in collectivist cultures, the higher level needs tend to be defined as the contribution of individuals for the furtherance of group needs rather than the furtherance of their own needs. In individualist cultures, the contributions of individuals sets them apart from the masses which facilitates the fulfillment of higher level needs (Gambrel & Cianci, 2003). When international students coming from collectivist cultures encounter the norms posed by individualistic culture, then their practices and beliefs are often deemed inappropriate and unnecessary which is one of the major contributors to cultural shock. As a result of these, international students might often struggle to fulfill higher level needs and in some cases the fulfillment of lower level needs might also be obstructed.

Hofstede’s cultural dichotomy model reveals some major differences between eastern and western culture, mainly by using the collectivist and individualist dimensions and the large power distance and small power distance dimensions (Hofstede et al., 2005). It was found that these two dimensions had the most profound effects on individuals when it came to cultural conflict. The power distance dimensions signifies the extent to which the members of any particular society accepts that the power in institutions and organizations are distributed unequally. IN simpler terms, power distance defines how lower ranking individuals react to higher ranking individuals in any particular organization or institution. In a society with low power distance, lower ranking individuals are usually not very concerned when they are around higher-ranking individual. However, in a society with high power distance, the lower ranking individuals show adequate respect to the authority of higher-ranking individuals. On this note, Dyson et al., (2008) found that, when international students from Asian countries come to UK, the first aspect they are conflicted with, is the relationship of the native students with the teachers. As UK is a country scoring low in the power distance index, the Asian students find it difficult to adjust to the existent norms. In some cases, the practices that adhere to high power distance societies are quite alien and confusing to UK nationals, which often subjects the Asian students to social embarrassments. 

According to Chung (2018) cultural shock encompasses the feeling of uncertainty, anxiety or confusion that individuals experience when they move to a society with a different culture than their native one. While cultural shock can set in any time an individual visits a different society, it is most profound when an individual moves to a new country for studying or settling down. Hence, Students who migrate overseas are usually affected by cultural shock. According Ward et al. (2020) the ABC model of cultural shock explains three dimensions of human experience when faced by a new culture. The Affective dimension refers to disorientation, bewilderment, confusion while experiencing, and different culture. The behavioral dimension refers to the confusion towards the behavior of others in the new culture. The cognitive dimension refers to the incapacity of understanding the bizarre social experiences. Due to cultural shock, it becomes difficult, especially for students, to adapt to the new dynamics, which in turn severely affects their academic life. Prince (2015) adds that, cultural shock affects mental health of students, which can often deteriorate their overall well-being. Along with sliding grades, and deteriorating health, students might find themselves incapable of coping with the changes, and give up on their academic aspirations altogether. Even though such instances are quite rare, the effects of cultural shock should not be overlooked as suggested by the author. 

As Jingfan et al. (2019) suggests, cultural shock is a result of clash between the worldviews, values and behaviors of internal culture. In addition, values, language, gestures with new meanings, dissimilar social customs, loss of reinforces like music and food, and lastly identity crisis, are also contributors to cultural shock. Wu et al. (2015) argues that, the interaction between the individual and the new culture has more profound influence inducing cultural shock than the new culture itself. The authors also add that, the detachment of the individual from the old culture and his/her inability to experience the elements of the native culture contributes to cultural shock as well. On the other side of the spectrum, cultural shock could bring about positive outcomes as suggested by Salisbury et al. (2013). Students can develop a “thicker skin” which could help them endure more adversities down the line. Moreover, they will be indirectly forced to learn the new language for blending in. Once an individual is able to overcome the cultural shock, the opportunities of expanding their social and professional circles, expand. Adapting to the environment while facing crises could lead to the improvement of individual communication and social skills that could help them cope with future challenges better. 

Mesidor & Sly (2016) have identified some common symptoms of cultural shock that are observed among international students. First, students experiencing cultural shock always seem to need help. No matter how skilled or knowledgeable they are, they always seem to doubt their abilities because everything they know seems to be invalid in the new environment. Second, due to the peer pressure to adapt to the new culture, international students can often find themselves alone and avoid social gatherings. What starts as a symptom of cultural shock can often lead to introversion and complex disorders associated with eating and sleeping. Mizuno (2012) adds that international students often feel homesick as they crave their native culture and its elements. Due to this homesickness lingering constantly on the back of their mind, it becomes difficult for them to concentrate. Moreover, the author suggests that the individual becomes resentful towards the people from the new culture. As a result, it becomes difficult for them to build social relationships and blend in. 

Wenhua & Zhe (2013) found that in the UK, students form Asia and other developing countries faced more difficulties than students from western European countries did. This is because, the cultural differences between UK (a developed country) and other developing countries are much more intense than that with European countries. As a result, European students find themselves more at home when they come to study in the UK, compared to Asian students. The authors also added that, in regards to academic progression foreign students also faced problem due to cultural differences. To begin with the academic culture is vastly different from their native one, especially for Asian students. As a result, the students found it difficult to adjust with the culture and the language barriers worsened the situation. They also found the library structure and services to be a bit overwhelming. All these contribute to academic incompetence. These drawbacks coupled with cultural fatigue, where students are overwhelmed due to receiving and processing loads of cultural information within a very short time, increases the chances of deteriorating their academic progress further. 

Wu & Hammond (2011) has identified some cultural shocks that most international students coming to the UK experience. First, the people here are very polite and the norm is to apologize and show gratitude at any opportunity they get. Such practices are not normal in Asian countries. Secondly, consumption of alcohol is a common practice among UK students. In most Asian countries, alcohol has a very bad image. Newsome & Cooper (2016) added that in the UK, the culture is very individualistic as a result, individuals rarely talk about their feelings. As a result, it is often difficult to get to know somebody on a personal level, which produces social barriers between international students and native UK students. Moreover, the author also suggests that the international students who have false assumptions about the host culture, especially in regards to its similarity to their original culture, have a harder time adjusting to the host culture. The adjustment process becomes more challenging when the students have unrealistic expectations about themselves and family. The students who do not hold preconceived notions are less likely to attract stress than the ones who do hold preconceived notions (Sovic, 2008). 

Ramsay et al. (2007) suggests that in order for international students to survive in an alien host culture, social support is the key ingredient. Social support is primarily defined by the access to friends and family members in times of crisis or need who could help nurture a positive self –image. Scanlon et al. (2007) adds that inadequate social support could increase the chances of dropping out due to the severe mental stress exerted upon students. As students go through several detrimental experiences along with cultural shock, like racism and insecurity, it is of utmost importance that they have a social group with whom these experiences can be shared and who can help them cope with these experiences. On the other hand, Zhang & Brunton (2007) found that the international students who primarily came from collectivist societies, had difficulty coping with individualistic culture and experienced loneliness. As a result, they were not able to form a social group who would be able to support them through the bad experiences. This affected their mental health and in turn had a severe effect on their academics. 

Sawir et al. (2008) found that international students were often alienated, confused and bewildered as they had unpredictable encounters when they presented themselves as foreigners. In addition, the host nationals are usually oblivious to the culture and practices of the international students, which makes it difficult for the international students to establish new social contacts which makes them feel more isolated and alienated. The authors also stated that the international students are caught in a “limbo status' ' they cannot identify themselves as insiders or outsiders, but just as temporary foreigners. As a result, they are demotivated to formulate social relationships with the host nationals and avoid any discomfort that might arise from conflicting cultures. 

Methodology:

Research method:

The research undertakes a qualitative approach where the responses of respective students are analyzed from different perspectives to determine common themes and patterns that could be applicable to a broader population. To accomplish this, the study utilizes one-on-one interview method. Using an interview schedule containing open ended questions the one-on-one interviews will been conducted. The open-ended question, allows the respondents to provide in depth explanations of their experiences, which helps in the qualitative analysis from multiple perspectives. 

The interviews are recorded electronically and the key points and major information are accumulated, coded and analyzed for reaching the results. The emotional aspects of the responses were deliberately identified and kept aside while presenting the data, in order to keep the findings free of biases. This helps present the data as it is.

Sample size:

ICP has a total of 25,000 students. Among them around 5,000 are overseas students from over 150 countries. As the study focuses on the international students of ICP only, the theoretical population for this research is 5,000. Among these 5,000 students, the study acquires information from 20 overseas students, which is the sample size for this study. 

Sampling strategy:

The respondents who have just started studying at ICP and are in their first year of education are not allowed to take part in the study. 20 participants will be chosen at random from the remaining number of international students. Among the 20 students 5 European, 5 African, 5 Asian and 5 American students will be selected. Hence, the study follows a stratified random sampling method. 

Exclusion criteria:

As the study uses a stratified random sampling strategy, all approved students will have equal opportunity to become participants. However, there is one exclusion criteria that has been determined to maintain the relevance of information required to answer the research questions. 

Students in their first year of study will not be allowed to participate in the study. This is because, though the students in their first year experience different forms of cultural shock, they are usually not able or willing to express their feelings. Therefore, if the responses of first year students and other students who have experienced cultural shock for years are analyzed simultaneously, a large spectrum of data might come up that could reduce the accuracy of the findings. 

Data collection:

The data collection process will take about 5 days. In the first four days, 5 respondents will be interviewed each day following the sampling frame. Each day the data will be organized, coded and electronically recorded for the final results. 

On the 5th day the coded data will be accumulated and a session of discussion will be held among the members, to identify the relevant information and refine them further for a more focused analysis. 

Data analysis:

The data extracted from the prior interviews will be analyzed in this phase. Moreover, as all the information will be available simultaneously, a theme or pattern will be identified. This theme will help the study to prove or disprove the associated hypothesis. Moreover, descriptive information will be extracted from the coded data that would potentially help answer the research questions. 

Based on the analysis, the main areas of concern that need focus, will be identified. This will help to produce appropriate recommendations to counteract the detrimental effects of associated experiences. 

Reporting:

While presenting the final report, key points of the responses to each of the interview questions will be provided in paragraphs. The findings will then be compared to existing literature to justify the relevance or observe the deviation. If deviations are observed, probable causes will be analyzed and identified. 

Lastly a reflective account will be provided which will elaborate on the experiences acquired while conducting the study. This will also help to shed light upon the shortcomings and determine the aspects that could have been done more efficiently. 

The focus of this report will be to add value to the existing knowledge of cultural shock and inform relevant authorities about the measures that could be taken to prevent the detrimental effects of such a phenomenon. 

Analysis and discussion:

In this section the findings from the one-on-one interviews will be analyzed and their relevance to the existing literature will be explored. The findings have been categorized into some key themes that have been identified from the responses. The analysis will be presented based on these key themes. The themes that were identified are as follows:

1. Interaction with teachers at ICP.

2. Interaction with classmates at ICP.

3. Dealing with academic tasks and organizational activities at ICP

Interaction with teachers:

The most prominent cultural shock that the international students at ICP experienced was interaction with teachers, especially the ones coming from countries that score high on the power distance index. 

Most international students were brought up with the idea that teachers are individuals with authority and are entitled to utmost respect. Some interviewees narrated their experiences on this matter. 

A student said:

‘When the faculty members walk into the class, I usually stand up to show respect, as I was taught by my parents. But in most cases, I find my classmates in disagreement with the gesture and often the teachers also suggest against it’

Another student said:

‘Through my school and high school, I was taught to never address my elders by their name, let alone teachers. I am used to addressing my teachers as sir/ madam. However, in the UK, as the term is related to Knighthood, I am often ridiculed and made fun of when I use it to address my teachers accidentally or on purpose’

Another interviewee commented:

‘I am not used to teachers being so friendly. As a result, when I try to communicate with them I find myself in a rather awkward position and am often unable to respond to their cordial conversations. This has severely affected my performance in the class.’ 

From the responses it is understood that the international students often find it difficult to communicate with Teachers not because the teachers are not accessible, but because their approach towards students are far more accommodating than what the students are used to. Moreover, the gestures of international students towards the teachers, being different form the norms of UK, are often disagreed with and suggested against.

This finding is synonymous to the findings of Dyson et al. (2008) where it was found that students belonging to societies with high power distance face difficulties adjusting with societies with low power distance. As the respondents for this particular theme came from countries where the power distance is high, i.e. the individuals with low power foster a sense of respect and fear for the individuals with higher power, that they are finding it difficult to adjust to the low power distance culture of ICP in the UK. As UK exhibits a low power distance, teachers are more accommodating towards students of each other, which widens the scope of communication amongst them. However, as the international students are not used to such access, they are finding it difficult to communicate with the teachers and get answers to the questions they might have regarding their lessons. As a result, some of their academic performances might be deteriorating which is in line with what Ward et al. (2020) suggested through the ABC model of cultural shock. According to this model, the students are bewildered and confused with the teachers’ approach and are incapable of understanding and coping with the relatively bizarre experiences, they are having due to their own cultural practices. If this trend persists, and the respective international students are unable to cope and overcome these challenges, they might give up on their academic aspirations altogether, due to repeated failed attempts at excelling, which was suggested by Prince (2015). 

Interaction with classmates:

As international students at ICP spend most of their time with other class mates, the interactions between them formulate most of their cultural experiences. From the responses of the internationals students this theme was induced, where the cultural experiences, especially that of cultural shock, have been highlighted. 

In this regard, one of the respondents said:

‘My classmates are not that open to sharing their experiences or their thoughts on personal issues no matter how much we interact with each other throughout the day. We hang out a lot and do projects together, but at the end of the day, they seem very distant when it comes to sharing. This in turn discourages me to share my thoughts and experiences with the issues I’m facing’

Another respondent commented:

‘Whenever I feel homesick or have had a bad day, I tend to seek advice from my friends/classmates as I did back home. But whenever, I approach them with a particular problem that I am facing, in most cases, I am confronted with a generic reply like “Don’t worry, everything will be alright” or “Somedays are good, some days are bad, you have to learn to deal with them”.’

One other respondent commented:

‘I don’t get much time to interact with my work colleagues, as a result the only viable social circle consists of my classmates. But, whenever they decide to hang out, they tend to drink and go to clubs which is not ideal for me. Hence, in most cases I am left out and I often feel lonely.’

From the responses, it is understood that UK natives are not that keen on sharing thoughts and personal experiences, at least with their social peers. Moreover, as one of the respondents commented on receiving generic responses on pressing personal issues, it is understood that the UK natives are not interested in interfering with other people’s lives. 

From the generic responses of UK natives studying at ICP, it is understood that the culture is individualistic which approves the findings of Newsome & Cooper (2016) which specifically points out that in the UK, people rarely talk about their feelings because of being individualistic. Such behaviors make it challenging for the international students of ICP to establish social relationships that could help them get through tough times. On the other hand, it is observed from the response of one of the respondents, that he/she expected advice from respective classmates as he/she is used to taking advice from prior classmates in his/her home country. As a result, the findings of Sovic (2008) are also proved true, which found that the students, who hold preconceived notions about the host country, attract more stress. Here the respondent thought that the classmates would act similarly to the prior ones. However, when reality struck, the respondent was found disappointed and consequently stressed for not being able to find a solution from expected sources. 

Moreover, from the responses it can be understood that International students at ICP had a difficult time forming genuine social relationships, as the UK natives were not interested to get involved in other’s lives. Originating from collectivist societies, the expectations were not in sync with what the UK culture fosters. This finding is synonymous to the findings of Zhang & Brunton (2007) who also suggested that the international students are often affected by loneliness, which was found in one of the responses. 

Lastly, According to Wu & Hammond (2011) one of the common practices among UK students is alcohol consumption, which is often a cultural shock to international students especially who come form Asian and middle Eastern countries. As we observed form one of the responses, that alcohol consumption and clubbing is not ideal for one of the international students, the findings of the literature are confirmed. In most Asian and middle Eastern countries, drinking alcohol is considered taboo due to religious restrictions, as a result it is often difficult to adjust with a culture where alcohol consumption is a common practice. 

If the students keep experiencing social isolation as found in the analysis, then in accordance with the findings of Scanlon (2007), inadequate social support could increase mental stress exerted upon students and the chances of dropping out could increase. Along with the deterioration of mental health, academic career will also be jeopardized. 

Dealing with academic tasks and organizational activities:

As this study deals with international students coming to study at ICP, it is important to understand how these students deal with the academic tasks and other organization tasks, build a significant portion of the experience here at ICP. Following are some responses that helped in deducing this theme. 

One of the International students said:

‘When I first started studying here, the most challenging part was grasping the language and the accent. Even though I understood what was written in the book, due to the language barrier, I found it quite difficult to understand the perspective and explanations of the teachers. As a result, I fell behind on my studies’

Another respondent added that:

‘At the very beginning every organizational task seemed very alien to me. I struggled to understand the process of paying fees, getting a library card, finding necessary resources and much more.’

One respondent commented:

‘My classmates were very helpful when I started studying here and was oblivious to the system. They were so helpful that I experienced a bit of inferiority complex as I couldn’t do anything significant for them in return.’

From the responses, it is evident that one of the major issues the international students face while studying at ICP is the language barrier caused by the unique British accent. The jargons and the gestures used during class lectures are often new to the students which inhibits their learning process. This finding coincides with the findings of Jingfan et al. (2019) where language, gestures, accents etc. were found to be some of the major factors contributing to cultural shock. 

The findings of Wenhua & Zhe (2013) are reflected on some of the responses. There the authors of the paper found that individuals coming from different economies with different degrees of development, struggle with even the simplest tasks in the UK as these is very new and confusing, at least at first. Here, the study found that International students at ICP struggled with making library cards, finding appropriate resources, and depositing tuition fees which is in line with the aforementioned literature. 

Lastly, some of the students found the helpful nature of their classmates very beneficial as well as overwhelming. It was beneficial because they were able to navigate through the new system, which would have been very difficult otherwise which is synonymous to the findings of Ramsay et al. (2007) where it found that social support is the key ingredient for surviving in a host culture. On the other hand, it was overwhelming because the UK natives were too helpful. This finding is congruent to that of Wu and Hammond (2011) where they identified the extremely polite nature of UK natives as one of the cultural shocks to international students. 

From all this discussion, it is proven that students from Asian and Middle Eastern countries  experience culture shock more intensely than the ones from European countries. This is because, most of the respondents narrating negative experiences of cultural shock were from Asian and Middle Eastern countries whose cultural dynamics are very different from that of the UK's.

Reflexive account:

The reflexive account is produced using Gibbs’ reflective cycle model. The stages are as follows:

1. Description: While collecting the data I was able to meet students from different nationalities and hear their stories. The process of collecting data and analyzing them to find specific themes was very challenging and very eye opening. 

2. Feelings: While conducting the research, the process felt very intimidating at first because we had a lot to do within a short time. However, as we progressed and we were able to complete each step, I felt more confident which drove me. 

3. Evaluation: The process helped me gain a new perspective into foreign cultures. It has also helped me develop some sort of cultural sensitivity. However, in some cases the respondents became emotional while sharing their negative experiences, which was very hard to handle. 

4. Analysis: I think as we were able to relate the findings of our research with the findings of the literature reviewed, our analysis part went well. Though our data collection phase was quite unorganized, we finally were able to code them and zero in on three specific themes. Therefore, the coding part of our data collection stage went well. 

5. Conclusion: I learned that taking preconceived notions into a research could affect the outcomes, as I found my notions to be very conflicting with what was found. This is because my perspective was very different from the perspective of the respondents, which I did not take into account. But during the data collection phase, I could have structured the questions in more subtle ways that would prevent respondents from getting emotional while expressing negative experiences. 

Conclusion:

In this study we found three main themes while exploring the experience of cultural shock among the international students of ICP. These themes are interaction with teachers, interaction with classmates and dealing with academic and organizational tasks. From the findings of the research, it is understood that teachers and classmates play significant roles in shaping the cultural experiences of International students at ICP. Hence, in order to counteract the negative effects of cultural shock, there should be provisions for student counselors with whom the students can share and receive advice on their culturally conflicting experiences. Secondly, as the students might find it difficult to let go of their practices (e.g. standing up when teachers enter, addressing them as sir etc.) instantaneously, teachers might help them by addressing the issues in person and by respecting their practices among others. This will not only help them to overcome inconsistent practices, but will also set an example for native UK students to respect cultural differences. Lastly, all students should go through a cultural sensitivity training before starting their academic year, so that they are not disrespectful towards foreign cultures and are able to accommodate students from all over the world without any conflict.

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Industry Analysis: Power Industry of Bangladesh

Industry Analysis: Power Industry of Bangladesh

keywords : Power industry Bangladesh ,Energy sector analysis, Bangladesh electricity market, Power generation trends, Renewable energy in Bangladesh, Challenges in power industry, Investment opportunities power sector, Energy infrastructure Bangladesh, Government policies energy sector, Future prospects power industry, Discover the current state and future prospects of the power industry in Bangladesh with our in-depth industry analysis. Explore key trends, challenges, and opportunities shaping the energy sector.

Introduction

Today, the power sector's greatest issue is providing reliable primary energy at cheap rates and funding the business. Despite the fact that gas still accounts for 72 percent of the country's power output, the government has increased its use of fuel oil. First brought to light in 2006 was the gas shortage issue. There has been a 30 percent rise in oil-based electricity generation since then A major economic risk is posed by the unpredictable worldwide fuel oil market (Jamal and Ongsakul, 2012). This is a risk that the government is fully aware of. They are thus seeking to develop a huge number of coal-fired power plants that are cost-effective, although they have had limited success thus far. The absence of communication infrastructure and ports with the benefit of coal imports is a major factor in this. According to the administration, Payra and Matarbari projects would have their own infrastructure. A comprehensive financial agreement has not yet been reached, and building has not advanced substantially. A number of difficulties also face Rampal Power Plant. Recently, the country's energy industry has seen unparalleled prosperity. From 2009 to 2020, or 11 years, much of this progress occurred. By 2021, just 12 percent of the population will have access to electricity, compared to the 47 percent who had access to power throughout the 39 years of independence.  

The Organization Profile DPDC

Dhaka Electricity Distribution Company Limited (DPDC) is the country's major power distribution firm. It has worked relentlessly for the country's growth and consumer happiness since its establishment. Already, the firm has claimed that it is capable of providing excellent customer service. As of now, Dhaka does not have a lack of electricity, but the supply is enough(Ahmed, Galib, Asadulla Hil and Saha, 2019).

Figure 1 The position of DPDC in power sectors

Figure 2 DPDC organogram

Overview of DPDC

Vision

Through dependable electricity supply in Dhaka city and the Narayanganj area, the government will fulfil its economic, social, and human development goals(Ahmed, 2011). 

Mission

⦁    Delivery of quality power with excellent customer service 

⦁    Power supply based on the geographical region served by DPDC

⦁    Achieving self-sufficiency and profitability by growing revenue and lowering costs.

 

Figure 2 DPDC organogram

Primary energy shortage is one of the key issues of Bangladesh's fast and extensive industrialization. For short-, medium-, and long-term solutions,Bangladesh must rely on imported energy owing to the uncertainties surrounding alternative fuels. 

Financial Analysis

Figure 3 Financial Analysis of DPDC Source: 

 

90 percent of the entire gasoline used in Bangladesh by 2030, according to (Gupta, Sabuj Das, Ferdous and Saleque, 2012), will be imported. Bangladesh must provide a substantial sum of money to this effort. In recent years, the country's electricity industry, on the other hand, has experienced extraordinary success. The majority of this progress occurred between 2009 and 2020, or in just 11 years. Of those who had power during the 39 years of independence (1981-2009), just 12 percent will have it by 2021. (2009-2021). In addition, a key constitutional commitment is being fulfilled. In the 1972 constitution of Bangladesh, it is stated that all citizens of the nation should have access to electricity (Ahmed, Galib, Asadulla Hil and Saha, 2019).

SWOT Analysis of DPDC Bangladesh

Additionally, the diagnosis pointed to a deterioration of energy security. This is due to insufficient oil and gas production, as well as an increase in the importation of gas, gasoline, diesel, and petrochemicals, which has led to a steady decline in the balance of commercial hydrocarbons. Petrochemicals and gasoline are increasingly purchased from outside due to the country's limited refining capacity and better unit profitability. Insufficiencies in hydrocarbon and petrochemical transportation It was found in these analyses that DPDC's fiscal system, which ceased to exist at that time, was a hindrance to its growth. It was noted by the Executing Power that the DPDC regime was complex and inflexible and that, in addition to posing administrative challenges, it failed to take into account the company's operating realities. However, even DPDC had to go into debt to pay their taxes because of the approvals and rights the pastoral was obligated to pay. the fact that DPDC would have to be saved if the tax system was added to the labour responsibility and the resulting lack of investment There was a general consensus that oil revenues were extremely dependent on the import. As one of the primary causes of the aforementioned scenario, the, the, and the parliament itself cited the country's heavy dependency on oil income. DPDC was obliged to raise its hydrocarbon extraction rate in order to meet tax revenue obligations, and its investment had to match the Treasury's expectations, not their own. Diagnoses made during the constitutional reform process brought to light the condition in the power industry. 

Strengths

⦁ Tax concessions and incentives for foreign investors have been proposed as part of the government's efforts to encourage investment in power plants.
⦁ Investors will be exempt from corporate income tax for 15 years.
⦁ These companies may also import machinery and equipment, as well as replacement parts, up to a maximum of ten percent (10%) of its original worth, for a duration of 12 years, without having to pay customs taxes.
⦁ Royalties, technical know-how, and technical help fees will be free from taxation for foreign investors. 
⦁ Exempted from paying tax on foreign loans are foreign investors. 
⦁ Capital gains from the transfer of shares by the investing firm are likewise tax-free for them.
⦁ The strong demand for electricity in Bangladesh is the industry's greatest asset. 

Weaknesses

⦁    The amount of natural gas available to consumers decreases. Natural Gas, coal, and any other fossil fuels are available in very small quantities on the national grid and are not sufficient for supplying the forthcoming gas-based power plants.

⦁    Because even a modest power plant requires a large investment to set up and operate, it is a capital-intensive business. 

⦁    An inadequate and badly maintained energy infrastructure is a major problem for the DPDC. Infrastructure improvements are also non-existent. 

⦁    There is no way that a government can meet its aim of producing more power in the near future with this sort of infrastructure.

⦁    Those that use energy through these unlawful connections do not have to pay a single bill for their use of electricity. 

⦁    Since the government does not get paid for using electric power, it is considered a waste. This is a non-technical loss of system functionality. 

⦁    Most of the electricity costs levied on easy bikes and autorickshaws in our nation are unlawful. This loss or theft is the country's responsibility.

⦁    All power plants have delays in completing projects. The project's completion date has passed, but it has not yet been completed. 

⦁    There is a problem in generation and distribution of electricity as a result of this delay.

Opportunities

⦁    Work is also underway to build the country's first underground substation at Kawran Bazar in Dhaka and transform the existing power distribution network in several areas.

⦁    The government is trying to into a smart grid to ensure uninterrupted power supply and reduce technical losses.

⦁    In order to encourage domestic and foreign investment, initiatives have been taken to ensure uninterrupted power supply through construction of dual source and sub-stations at industrial hubs in Narayanganj.

⦁    DPDC has already implemented Geographic Information System (GIS) to map the power distribution system to the customer. 

⦁    To maintain energy security and establish a sustainable energy supply system in the country, it is intended to cut energy usage by 20 percent by 2030. 

⦁    For energy security, the government has made measures to reduce its reliance on gas as the main fuel for electricity generation while steadily diversifying energy sources. 

⦁    To import power from Nepal, a memorandum of agreement has been reached. As a result of this, the door to mutual collaboration between the two countries was opened. It has already been agreed to import 500 MW of power from GMR's hydroelectric facility. 

⦁    This was owing to the fiscal system adopted by Parliament, which was intended to enhance the finances of all three branches of government. 

⦁    The government was obliged to delay or cancel infrastructure projects. 

⦁    Energy efficiency and renewable energy alternatives may be used to expand power capacity in a cost-effective manner, decreasing greenhouse gas emissions while creating employment and improving human health by reducing air pollution. 

⦁    This is according to a report from the Global Partnership on Low Emission Strategies (LEDS GP), based on an in-depth review of models.

Threats

⦁    An uncertain scenario has recently developed due to Europe's economic crisis and the Middle East's political turmoil. 

⦁    An increase in worldwide oil prices will be a boon to Bangladesh's power industry, as oil is one the primary raw materials for power plants.

⦁    In terms of political influence, the electricity business is in for a big treat. Bangladesh's bidding process for tenders and Concern Company's selection process are both influenced by politics. 

⦁    Due to political interference, donor agencies withdraw their donations for certain projects. Because of this political influence, some donors withdraw their donations even in the last stages of the selection.

⦁    Oil or coal-based power plants constitute the majority in Bangladesh, despite Bangladesh's limited offshore and onshore reserves of oil and coal. 

⦁    Bangladesh's power plants are unable to run on oil and coal from this little resource. An oil and coal power plant shortage due to this limited reserve might occur.

⦁    Power plants for factories are sometimes built by large enterprises or businesses. Government power supply is inadequate, so they create their own mini-power plants. 

⦁    Power producers in the nation might benefit from this trend.

Five Forces Model DPDC

Figure 4 Five force Model Criteria

 

Porter's five forces model is a market analysis technique that takes into account the five dimensions on which the company DPDC can act in order to optimize its competitive advantage: rivalry among competitors; the threat of new entrants; the threat of substitute products; the bargaining power of clients; the bargaining power of suppliers, to which is often added the role of the State (standards, laws). It is used in terms of strategic analysis and to determine the axes of innovation.

DPDC charges based on consumption and has a customized connection mechanism. So, for example, they provide one type of connection for the industry, while providing another type of connection for residents and those living in luxury apartments. Place to place, the amount of power provided varies as well (Ali and Islam, Md Rakibul, 2018). There are some areas in Dhaka where they must maintain a constant level of power. A high rate has also been charged for Industry usages. On the other hand, residents were charged a lower cost. As the circumstance changes, so too are customers' attitudes. In the case of power generation, the current policy of the government is to produce low cost electricity. To produce more expensive electricity. The power sector is heading for an unbearably dangerous financial situation due to non-compliance with the austerity policy. It has been proposed to increase the price of electricity to meet this obligation.

The threat of new entrants on the market: all the means used by competitors make entry more difficult for a new company is very low in this case so DPDC has competitive advantages in this regard; The bargaining power of suppliers: DPDC’s Suppliers' capacity to impose their terms on a market, whether in terms of cost, quality, or time, has a direct impact on the space for maneuvering and profitability of the enterprises involved. In this regard the bargaining power of suppliers is high. Ffurnace oil is used as a fuel for power generation. PDB compulsorily buys this furnace oil from the government company BPC (Bangladesh Petroleum Corporation) at Rs 42 per litter. As a result, the price of electricity produced by PDB from Furnace Oil falls to Tk 12 per unit. The price of this oil in the international market has come down a long time ago. The Bangladesh government has not adjusted the price of this oil. As a result, PDB has to buy this furnace oil at the rate of Tk 42 per litter. There is no way out for the PDB. But the government rentals in the private sector, buying electricity from quick rentals or other power plants has allowed them to buy furnace oil at market prices.   

The negotiating power of clients: The major customer impact in the market is demonstrated by its capacity to bargain; its effect on the pricing and selling circumstances (payment terms, related services) influences the market profitability; In this case DPDC has very highly competitive advantages as the bargaining power of the consumer is very low. 

Substitute Products: The replacement products do not form part of the market, but are an alternative to an offer which may be quite attractive. 

The rivalry of current competitors: Concentration, competitive diversity and power balance might be easily reversed between firms. Competitors must fight to expand their position within the sector or just to retain it.

Financial performance analysis 

DPDC had always been able to reach all of its yearly performance goals, but this year, because to Covid-19, it was unable to meet some goals. Even during the lockdown/corona period, meter reading, power bill distribution, and postpaid customer collecting activities have been significantly affected. Other project goals were not met on time. The DPDC's after-tax profit for the 2019-20 financial year is Tk 113.7 crore, which is Tk 72.7 crore less than the previous year. Due to Covid-19, this year's power usage was lower than last year's, resulting in lower power sales. A decrease in power usage owing to Covid-19 has resulted in a reduction in power sales of Tk 128 crore. Due to a rise in operating expenditures and a drop in non-operating revenue, post-tax earnings have also decreased from the previous fiscal year (Deeba, Shohana Rahman, 2013). No dividend was recommended for the 2019-20 fiscal year due to the impact of Covid-19 and lockdown, cumulative losses, self-financed initiatives, etc. The G2G project, which aims to extend and reinforce the DPDC's power distribution infrastructure, is presently in full swing. Once implemented, the distribution system for the territories covered will undergo a radical transformation (Ahmed, Galib, Asadulla Hil and Saha, 2019). To extend and enhance the electricity distribution infrastructure in the DPDC area, the G2G project is now under way. Successful completion of this project will result in a revolution in the distribution system in the DPDC service regions. The construction of substations utilizing gas-insulated switchgear (GIS) technology maximizes land usage. We at DPDC are dedicated to using ICT to ensure openness and accountability. Software and apps that DPDC has created include Accounting, Asset Management, Human Resources (HR), a mobile application (app), training and auditing software for workshops, and a case management system, among others. This is a project that DPDC is working on. A national integrity strategy guides the work of the DPDC (Basak, Hussain and Azad, 2010). All types of corruption have been stopped with great success. The Power Department awarded DPDC's Managing Director, Engineer Bikash Dewan, the Integrity Award for the financial year 2019-20. ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) and a paperless office are being implemented as part of DPDC's transition to an international standard organization (Higano, Yabar and Kamrul, 2012).

Recommendation

⦁    It is necessary for the government to upgrade the distribution and transmission network of the electric power grid as a result, the country's distribution and transmission processes are optimised (Bakhtiar, 2012). 

⦁    In order to do this, electricity producers must engage in an open and transparent tendering and selection process. Donor agencies make loans to non-profit organisations.  The government of Bangladesh should guarantee that there is an adequate supply of gas and oil for the power plants. 

⦁    Boost the number of plants to increase productivity. It is recommended that the government get into joint ventures with the Indian government and other international investors(Ali and Islam, Md Rakibul, 2018). 

⦁    The government of Bangladesh should attract international investors by offering additional incentives for them to invest in Bangladesh. Incentives are enticing. In order to increase output, the sector needs more private investors to step in. 

⦁    Gigantic, privately owned this is an industry that should be explored by business groupings. Maintaining and repairing existing power plants is vital. Increase the production of goods and services.  Other power producers, other than BPDB, should be more involved and expand their participation in the process (Gupta, Sabuj Das, Ferdous and Saleque, 2012). 

⦁    BPDB will be less dependent on production as a result of this. There are several ways in which the Bangladeshi government may enhance the country's energy infrastructure. Imports of around 9,000 megawatts (MW) of power from neighbouring countries are planned as part of the long-term master plan for power generation through regional and sub-regional cooperation activities (Deeba, Shohana Rahman, 2013). 

⦁    In the legal framework in place at the time of the discussion, private energy generation in modes that were not deemed public services, as well as in locations with a strong potential for renewable energies, was not taken into consideration as in the case of DPDC, the parliament has a similar role to play (Gupta, Sabuj Das, Ferdous and Saleque, 2012).

⦁    About 35% of the customers have already been covered under the prepayment metering system for the purpose of using affordable electricity and paying electricity bills easily. At present, work is underway to bring the remaining customers to smart pre-paid meters through.

Conclusion

Power sector growth in Bangladesh is regarded to have reached its first major milestone with the construction of Kaptai Dam and the commissioning of Dhaka-Chittagong Transmission Line. From 1982 to 1991-92, Bangladesh's electricity generation capacity was 2350 megawatts (MW). Because the Bangladesh Power Development Board had a weak transmission and distribution infrastructure, the Bangladesh government split the two systems on November 21, 1996, and established Power Grid Company of Bangladesh. the power grid company of Bangladesh took over the 230 kV transmission line in 1996, when it had a total length of 636 circuit kilometers. 230 kV transmission line had a total length of 636 circuit kilometers and 132 kV transmission line had a total length of 4655 circuit kilometers when the Power Grid Company of Bangladesh took control in 1996. In Bangladesh, the rate of total power sector development slowed dramatically towards the dawn of the 21st century.

Reference list

1. Ahmed, G., Asadulla, H., and Saha, P. (2019). Micro Wind Turbine as an Alternative Power Source in Bangladesh. International Conference on Sustainable Technologies for Industry 4.0 (STI) IEEE, 1-4.
2. Ahmed, Z. (2011). Electricity crisis of Bangladesh: result of organizational inefficiency? Energy and Environment Research, 1(1), 12.
3. Ali, M., Islam, J., Rakibul, M. (2018). Analysis and Finding Problem Solar Rooftop System (SRS) Under Dhaka Power Distribution Company (DPDC) of Bangladesh.
4. Bacon, R., and Jones, J. (2021). Global electric power reform, privatization, and liberalization of the electric power industry in developing countries. Annual review of energy and the environment, 26(1), 331–359.
5. Bakhtiar, M. (2012). Industry analysis: power industry of Bangladesh.
6. Basak, C., Hussain, C., and Azad, A. (2010). A New Approach to Improve the Reliability of DPDC SCADA Communication Systems. Journal of Energy and Power Engineering, 4(7).
7. Deeba, P., Shohana, K., and Rahman, T. (2013). Impact of Integrating Tidal Power Generation on the Reliability of Bangladesh Power System. International Journal of Energy and Power, 2(2), 38–43.
8. Ferdushi, J., Kanis, F., Kamil, A., Ahmed, S., and Kawsar, L. (2020). The Measures of Efficiency of Power Generation Plants in Sylhet of Bangladesh. International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences, 4(2), 20-21.
9. Gupta, P., Sabuj D., Ferdous, S., and Saleque, A. (2012). Bangladesh Power Sector Reform and Multidimensional Reflections. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, 3(2), 77–104.
10. Higano, Y., Yabar, H., and Kamrul, M. (2012). Introducing SocioEnvironmental Management Policy Guidelines for the Financing of Electric Power Projects in Bangladesh. In: Design for Innovative Value Towards a Sustainable Society. Springer, 936–941.
11. Hosen, M., and Islam, M. (2018). Study and Analysis of Solar Rooftop System Under Dhaka Power Distribution Company (DPDC) of Bangladesh.
12. Jamal, T., and Ongsakul, W. (2012). Smart Grid in Bangladesh power distribution system: Progress & prospects. In: 2012 Students Conference on Engineering and Systems. IEEE, 1–5.
13. Jamal, T., Ongsakul, W., Lipu, M., Hossain, S., and Islam, M. (2014). An Approach to Integrate Geographic Information Systems to the proposed Smart Grid for Dhaka, Bangladesh. International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology, 3(2), 124–129.
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16. Raju, M., Hossain, B., and Asaduzzaman, A. (2017). The Impact of Dividend Policy on Stock Price: A Study of Fuel, Power and Cement Industry in Bangladesh. IOSR Journal of Economics and Finance, 8(03), 84–91.
17. Sajib, K., Isjam, A., and Karim, S. (2019). Electrical Substation Maintenance and Protection Under Grid North2, DPDC.

Savoring Convenience: An Analysis of Frozen Foods, Rolls, and Meat Parathas in Bangladesh

Advertisement Analysis 

(Topic: frozen foods, roll and meat and paratha)

Title: ""

Abstract:

This advertisement analysis delves into the market of frozen foods, rolls, and meat parathas in Bangladesh. Frozen foods have gained popularity as a convenient and time-saving option for busy households. Rolls and meat parathas, traditional street food favorites, have also become popular choices for quick and delicious meals. This analysis examines the advertisement strategies employed by companies in promoting frozen foods, rolls, and meat parathas in Bangladesh, including their use of visuals, slogans, and messaging.

The analysis explores the targeted audience, market trends, and competitive landscape of frozen foods, rolls, and meat parathas in Bangladesh. It delves into the key marketing techniques used to promote these products, such as highlighting their convenience, taste, and quality. Additionally, the analysis assesses how these advertisements portray frozen foods, rolls, and meat parathas as a solution to meet the changing lifestyle and dietary preferences of consumers in Bangladesh.

The cultural context of Bangladesh, including the role of food in its society, is also taken into consideration in this analysis. It discusses how frozen foods, rolls, and meat parathas are positioned as a modern and convenient choice, while also staying true to their cultural roots.

Overall, this analysis sheds light on the advertisement strategies employed by companies in promoting frozen foods, rolls, and meat parathas in Bangladesh, and how these products are perceived in the local market. It provides insights into the changing consumer preferences, market dynamics, and cultural influences on the consumption of frozen foods, rolls, and meat parathas in This advertisement analysis delves into the market of frozen foods, rolls, and meat parathas in Bangladesh. Frozen foods, including rolls and meat parathas, have gained popularity as convenient and time-saving options for busy households in Bangladesh. The analysis examines the advertisement strategies used by companies to promote these products, including their use of visuals, slogans, and messaging.

The targeted audience, market trends, and competitive landscape of frozen foods, rolls, and meat parathas in Bangladesh are explored in this analysis. The advertisements highlight the convenience, taste, and quality of these products as key selling points. Additionally, the analysis assesses how these advertisements portray frozen foods, rolls, and meat parathas as a solution to meet the changing lifestyle and dietary preferences of consumers in Bangladesh, while also staying true to the cultural roots of these foods.

The cultural context of Bangladesh, including the role of food in its society, is considered in this analysis. The advertisements position frozen foods, rolls, and meat parathas as modern and convenient choices that align with the busy lifestyles of consumers in Bangladesh. However, they also incorporate cultural elements to appeal to the local market.

Overall, this analysis provides insights into the advertisement strategies used by companies to promote frozen foods, rolls, and meat parathas in Bangladesh, and how these products are perceived in the local market. It sheds light on changing consumer preferences, market dynamics, and the cultural influences on the consumption of frozen foods, rolls, and meat parathas in Bangladesh.

Transforming Healthcare: The Key to Improved Patient Care and Value for Money

Introduction

Improving the health care system is dependent on a variety of variables, in particular on value for money. The aim for integrated healthcare system is simple: to enhance the quality of treatment and to decrease waste, to improve the experience of the patient. All the parties gain from this model. Quality and the opportunity to reduce care risks are granted to caregivers. For physicians, hospitals and providers of healthcare, there is an opportunity to remove bottlenecks, save costs and improve efficiency. A health and patient overview Over the years, the behaviour of consumers has evolved. Easy access to information has enhanced people's demands and rights. He is likewise influenced by this shift in position. In my journey of providing health care, I have gain some experience sometimes it was easy sometimes it was difficult to provide personalized healthcare to the patients.   

Healthcare system improvement

Integrated healthcare system

Quality patient care

Reduce care risks

Cost-saving healthcare

Efficient healthcare

Consumer healthcare demands

Personalized healthcare

Enhancing patient experience

Value-based healthcare

Question 1

Using specific examples from own practice to support your discussion, make a case for why care settings must achieve the best possible outcome for users off service in their care.

The consequence is devotion to medical experts and organizations and the creation of value-added initiatives. So waste is also minimized in health management, which is crucial. Efficiency and the implementation of excellent practice in clinical management are all involved.

In order to meet professional goals, the notion of group effort is important. With the creation of a professional organization, professional professionals are convinced that the profession and services of their members may be enhanced instead of by individual efforts. Although nurses have been involved collectively for many years in certain sectors, such as the development for study programs of specific provisions and awards of diplomas, measures aimed at their economic and social well-being were not, instead, of equal interest. This negligence contributed directly to the preservation of terrible working conditions, low salaries and bad conditions. This negligence immediately has led to the continued dearth of nurses and to the difficulties of attracting qualified candidates and maintaining them in the profession. These have led directly to uncomfortable working environments, low salaries and poor job performances. The absence of competent and reliable nursing workers in turn adds to patient care being inadequate in many situations (Albarrak et al. 2018a). The case for this stance is that if the professional expertise is indeed so specialized, no one can define a safe and successful professional practice better than themselves (Albarrak et al. 2018a). A person without exceptional understanding of a certain subject is not the most appropriate. A person with no specific understanding of a certain field is not the greatest way to judge how such information is to be employed. This is the basis on which the concept that professionals must have the necessary authority to control the exercise of their profession is based (David et al. 2013). A person with no specific understanding of a certain field is not the greatest way to judge how such information is to be employed. This is how the notion of the required authority for professionals to govern the practice is built. This is the cornerstone of the concept (Albarrak et al. 2018). Then we discuss professionalism and the way in which nurses took part.

A person without the unique understanding of a certain field is not best prepared to decide on the application of that information (Albarrak et al. 2018). This is the premise on which the notion is founded on which professionals have the power to manage their career. Although the profession provides standards and guidance on how the job should be conducted, one occupation does not have to oversee another, save during a time of training. Professional consultants advise and consult colleagues, but the professionals who have produced it are responsible for decision-making (Albarrak et al. 2018). The application of the specialist methods professional judgment. Professional judgment is making the optimal option in order to apply it to a certain scenario using the specific information you have. Knowledge is the basis of the professional model, giving the members the power to decide on the execution of their profession. We'll discuss the notion of professionalism and the way in which caregivers have participated while neglecting other parts of the profession that are damaging to nursing (Albarrak et al. 2018). Lastly, we will propose the concept of communal professional work as a suggestion of prospective nurses' attitudes (Thomas et al. 2019).  Albeit in elements such as which duties the infant does, who does what, minimum level of education, etc., the structure of nursing divides between nations as to the core activities of the infirm, worldwide homogeneity exists. In general, these functions include promoting and restoring health, illness prevention and sickness treatment (RumballSmith et al. 2014). Although some of these duties are also the duty of others, the nurses supplied the ill with the required care (Srivastava, Kahan & Nader 2017). In this way, nursing knowledge may be seen as the science of health care. In this way, the nursing knowledge may be regarded as a care science, just as the healing science is typical of medicine. The healing science involves the diagnosis and treatment of disease, which is a recognized field of the doctor. The science of care concentrates, on the other hand, on the knowledge necessary for caring for the sick, which includes comfort, relief of pain and other unpleasant sensations, the establishment of favourable sleep and relaxation conditions, minimization of the problems caused through hospitalizations that help the patient cope with his diseases (Albarrak et al. 2018). Although certain nursing tasks are directly linked to the treatment. While certain nursing actions are directly associated with treatment by the doctor and directed at the treatment of the disease and part of the physician's work includes components of the care of the sick, both areas of care and healing generally are connected to the caregiver and the physician (Smith et al. 2017). Care and healing duties are complimentary as health is both essential and valuable. Nursing as well as medicine are interested in various areas of health care, such as promotion of health and prevention of diseases; nonetheless, the principal healthcare and healing activities are appropriate for nurses and physicians.

Combining hard labour with a focus on sacrifice and obedience has made the care of the child desirable, but not as a generally attractive career (Pendharkar et al. 2021). Nearly every country in the world today faces the lack of skilled nurses. The problem is that applicants are recruited and that the profession leaves. Furthermore, caregivers who are ready for first-class professional service often do not have enough time to devote themselves to direct patient care and must devote themselves instead to the education and supervision of individuals with less preparation or the co-ordination of their actions. The fact that the finest skilled and competent caregivers in taking care of the sick are the first to take on other jobs is well known for a long time. This leaves patients with incomplete or improvised formation in the hands of others. Another negative effect of the lack of trained nurses is that competent people do not have sufficient time to improve the overall level of knowledge in the nursing industry, because they are involved in the training of other nurses (Langton et al. 2016). Many contributions to professional science are still in their infancy, mostly because only a tiny number of nurses have paid attention and efforts. Instead of using active research initiatives to develop new work techniques, nurses have had to rely upon what is known and acquired from other occupations (Pastori et al. 2019a). The underdevelopment of nursing skills in relieving pain, increasing patient comfort, promoting relaxation and sleep, education of patients of all health and diseases, and other issues of all sorts (Langton et al. 2016a). When new information is included in the curriculum, it is usually often medical and other parallel disciplines that contribute to raise the quality of their profession, rather than the contemplation and experimenting of the nurses themselves (Khanassov et al. 2016a). 

Capacity utilization is the emphasis of outcome-based healthcare services. The quality of the clinical results is therefore assessed in proportion to their cost. For the computation the formula used is:

Value = results of care / expenses of care

The aim is to ensure a satisfactory result that shows efficiency and waste reduction. Thus, the quality of care and safety may be offered to the patient by placing him in the focus of attention. It is the notion to rely on the commitment of the patient for prognosis and therapy. It therefore satisfies the above-mentioned behavioural changes.

How did I implement outcome-based healthcare system?

An efficient analysis of health information depends on the implementation of the value-based health paradigm. In order to gather and handle the information, I had to use the technology.

The platform enables: quality care and economic information to be captured; information to be used with the help of artificial intelligence; care to be taken and predictions of the economy; decisions taken on the basis of insights gained from this instrument; value to be delivered using all of the resources mentioned above.

Benefits of outcome-based healthcare system?

Both the health care operators and patients receive advantages that are validated through value-based healthcare management. This is because the treatment of the patient is concentrated. The advantages generated are generally:

Building a sustainable future by implementing the proposed new value-adding aid and payment methods;

Apply value-based clinical management in order to enhance care results and decrease waste;

Hospital efficiency, resource optimization and enhanced bed usage;

Patient discharge safety to decrease mortality and rates of readmission;

Reduction of unnecessary primary care admissions;

Surgical ambulatory patients' ability to contribute to safety

In order to complicate the existing scenario, population demand for health services in many nations has risen, with the gap between the kind of healthcare and the type of treatment requested (Hsu et al. 2017). The population needs for healthcare services have risen in many nations to complicate the existing scenario, which every day shows the gap between the sort of treatment wanted and that which is already given.

Question 2

It means that these services are historically not aimed at perfection, but at quality and quality, and are seen by the user as being no longer only a question of technical or inherent quality (Grandes et al. 2017a). Health actions are generally framed by four words: fairness, efficiency, efficiency and efficiency. The supply of services must be done equally, in other words to provide accessibility for those who need it most; to ensure efficiency, i.e., methods and suitable technology; to accomplish adequate cover and impact with efficiency and match performance and costs. However, it is necessary to take account of some important aspects concerning the term quality. Firstly, quality does not mean luxury or complexity, but must be the same at every level of care, on the contrary (Foo, Chuan De et al. 2021). Secondly, it is not an absolute phrase, but an ongoing process of improvement. Thirdly, the quality is objective and quantifiable. Finally, not one group but the whole company (David et al. 2013). It does not depend on a group of people. The difficulty is to assess the entire process so that it can be objective and compared, allowing standards to be defined and remedial processes to be developed continuously.  First of all, we need to realize that it is the dawn of our knowledge of the quality, the purpose and the purpose of it. Furthermore, as an organization, we need to realize that working with quality makes our work easy, reducing the probability of failures and increasing the safety and efficiency of patients. In our field of labour, our acknowledgment of peers and our work team will also improve treatment, enhancing our self-esteem and making it a virtuous loop. In fact, we can improve treatment. This indicates that our acts are part of a continual improvement work circuit (Dreier Wolfgramm et al. 2017). 

Quality with an emphasis on the patient: the patient and his family need to be completely addressed.

Focus on improved processes: processes may be better managed by recognizing patient requirements, based on what the population needs. As more than one individual engages in the processes, the team involved must be committed to each of them (Deakin et al. 2005).

continual improvements always as a goal: to constantly and regularly set short, medium and long-term targets, so that the proactivity of internal users may always be reviewed and measurement formats produced as indicators that enable us to see continuous progress in the quality.

Recognition of consolidating achievements: you must promote, recognize results, emphasize whether a job is carried out effectively, identify who did it and determine who has done it. This system leads to the establishment of the centre's "brand."

Monitoring outcomes: procedures may be improved by measuring results, including assessing indicators of mortality, illness, birth rate. If cannot check them and act, there is nothing to get away from having indicators.  Measuring processes: protocol compliance.  Patients' and their families' satisfaction measurements: evaluate how pleased users are with our job, treatments and ultimate results by means of indicators (Albarrak et al. 2018).

However, every effort should be made to standardize procedures, accreditation services and to how things are done. These technologies will help improve the quality of user care and reduce clinical and administrative mistakes, enabling better management (Budrevičiūtė, Kalėdienė & Petrauskienė 2018).

The major objective is to offer patients and their families with services. The world and the people are changing and we need to start and work with excellence. This process generates a virtuous circle in the organization, since quality teamwork, decisions and actions benefit all. The big task is to create a new culture, a shift in ordinary labor (DreierWolfgramm et al. 2017a). We can decrease cost, not only financial expenses, but also time, human, physical and appliance resources and acquire more resources to be invested in additional advantages by optimizing processes and doing our task with quality. It therefore offers medical practitioners the tools to enhance their therapeutic treatments continually (Athilingam & Jenkins 2018).

The structured planning and development systems should, however, be implemented in line with total quality criteria (Askew et al. 2020).There are compelling reasons for the services now in place to adopt this approach, including scientifically unjustified function and outcome variability, the apparent competitive tendency among clinical units, and rising expectations by users and health authorities. In the meantime, the key reason should not be forgotten: professional morale, which forces us to provide the best of our patients (Takeda et al. 2019). Adequate quality-assurance program is based on the fundamental conditions of: firm support of the hospital directorate and the heads of the surgery, basic training and quality management assessment, active involvement of personnel, access to adequate and reliable process information and encouragement of staff (recognition, additional remuneration, further training, promotion, etc.). In order to develop a quality assurance program, a number of phases are needed which can be summarized. To develop a program for quality assurance, the main steps are to be taken: the setting up of a Quality Service Management Group, the formation of Quality Improvement Teams for each process, the surveillance of indicators and activities and the evaluation of the Program by participating staff members (David et al. 2013).

The moral commitment to seek the best for the patient, the fact that medical organizations should become services companies and the need to limit increasing health care expenses (RumballSmith et al. 2014). 

Several theories are aimed at explaining motive, but Frederick Herzberg's theory of two factors tackles two separate phenomena as the issue of pleasure and motivation in the workplace. For them, job pleasure alone is not able to influence the behavior of an employee permanently; on the other hand, while present, it makes you more equilibrated, productive and willing to accomplish more and better. Motivation is regarded as one of the key elements in relation to productivity and quality at work in the present organizational setting, especially since institutions are increasingly aware that the competitive difference comes largely from the people involved. An misunderstanding about how to promote motivation in the workplace, however, leads to motivational programs that are aimed solely at shaping the worker' s behaviors and ensuring that the organization's subordinate conduct takes place

Maslow's renowned Pyramid is the outcome of one of the most famous studies in which he outlines the effect of every human need on his motivation. The fundamental physiological requirements of people and, above all, of 'personal satisfaction' are at the base of Maslow's pyramid, a point where people feel their achievements fulfilled over their lives. Frederick Irving Herzberg was both a psychologist and an important professor of North American corporate management who has examined and demonstrated through several practical studies the presence of two factors which need to be considered for job satisfaction: salary, corporate policies, opportunities for growth, superior relations with others, social factors. In practice, these academics' theories allow us to unravel. In practice, the ideas of these individuals allow us to better understand each person's behavior inside an institution and are also the cornerstones of the behavioral management theory, which aims at developing high performance teams using strategies and tools. Behavioral management must be used to understand the workers' skills, potential and chances for growth from an analysis in a vocational program through the ongoing development of the individual inside the institution. The profile that meets the requirements of the Organization is important to identify. Many institutions, especially those aimed at success and development, choose to succeed. Most Institutions, particularly those aimed at growth, choose to attract, create charismatic leaders who, by bringing the team closer together, establish an organizational culture and ultimately receive more acceptance and appreciation from their team members. In the face of so many research on the behavior of men and women it is true that a professional with higher empathy, capacity to understand and respond to human needs, who build strong incentive and feedback strategies for his team, becomes an appreciated leader and a respected one.

At present there is a trend towards gradual comparability. There is a tendency to gradually compare the different centers. Nowadays, the clinical units' service portfolios represent the connection of a number of operations. However, it is highly possible that in the near future indicators of results will also be included in these services, so that these services can be contracted. On the other hand, the information provided will be decisive when a patient or a company has the power to select. Appropriate quality management program will also offer the information essential to define the service portfolio, another key component of managing quality (Albarrak et al. 2018). Similarly, a sufficient quality management program will be necessary to define a portfolio of services, as well as the promotion of the collaborative involvement of professionals that constitute the various units or services of the hospital. Another essential element of the quality management programmers (Sturgiss et al. 2018b). the percentage of patients with an operational booster dosage and the percentage of patients with entire protocol dose). The word standard refers to the degree of conformity needed by criteria 36 and it is defined as an acceptable range of quality. Since the minimal level establishes that quality would be impaired, it may also be understood in each circumstance as the set of diagnostic and treatment maneuvers (Smith et al. 2017). 

Question 3

In terms of the quality function and the QMS supporting it several decades ago, at the beginning of the movement for Total Quality Management, any function of importance for a company had to appear on the organization chart. 

Previous considerations of the assessment functions have led to the conclusion that assessment serves the teaching process and does not vice versa and to changes to traditional approaches regarding participants' positions in the learning process, as well as the relationship between the evaluator-evaluated cooperation or collaboration in order to achieve this objective. The evaluation findings are interpreted from being static data and therefore readily extended to being regarded for another moment of QMS as general judgements about the student's competence or value. The assessment processes and means might be termed an error. The standard based reference system favours the collection of standard evaluation subject-matter indicators, common to all individuals who have been evaluated, so that it allows to define each individual's relative position in relation to the central population tendency measurements that it serves as the reference. To this aim, the use of tests, in terms of their content and shape equal, unifies the test scenario in order to determine the criteria and to compare the individual accomplishments; this increases the significance of the examination in the area of assessment (Rumball Smith et al. 2014).

Progress was made before the National Campaign for Quality Health Services, but mainly from the latter, and in this direction, during and beyond its milestone. The current situation is very variable between states, in relation to their hierarchical levels, but there are all organizational ups and downs; the public system of the Ministry of Health is at least one that is highly variable. Quality managers and specialist committees at different levels of the system responsible for quality and safety, at least theoretically (Rumball Smith et al. 2014). In the central organization chart, the quality function, with hierarchical differences in recent years, is also visible. Structural development was however not accompanied by a simultaneous development of training and professionalism of the people responsible for these responsibilities so as to recognize this deficit as an absence and as a consequential priority action by the professionals in these jobs in order to improve their health services (Athilingam & Jenkins 2018). Improvement in quality needs all levels of synergistic competition. However, given that medicine and clinical care, in a wide sense, hold a prominent role in the system, it is desirable to provide a chance for medical graduates to develop their theoretical and practical understanding of quality management as an area. of specialty. This training should encourage people to take positions of leadership in healthcare institutions and other occupations within quality structures that are crucial for or at least reasonably distinguish between medical science, language and principles (Al-Khaldi, Khan & Khairallah 2002). The combination of medical education and excellent health care management may be the most desirable in many instances (Al-Khaldi, Khan & Khairallah 2002). This notion has been developed for years and warrants specific training for excellent clinicians. The growing complexity of medical treatment has led in the necessity for specialized training in several disciplines and sub-disciplines that are necessary for proper profound and competent clinical attention (Srivastava, Kahan & Nader 2017; Smith et al. 2017). This evolution was not foreign to the area of quality improvement, and although its methodological principles may be called generic, their effective implementation needs ever more profound and particular understanding of the clinical environments under which they need to be applied. The current tendency to assure clinical use in nations such as the UK (Thomas et al. 2019). The current tendency in nations such as the UK for ensuring that clinical quality improvement initiatives are driven by the department, healthcare professionals, in any department or department (Takeda et al. 2019; RumballSmith et al. 2014). The notion of quality and its continual improvement at each stage of the health system is also connected with an express desire to take responsibility for it. For any health system, too, the job that these professionals may do from scientific societies and in conjunction with other health specializations and services in their clinical fields. There's no greater quality awareness and leadership than the people themselves; the individual and complicated issues of each discipline and specialized healthcare sector will never be considered foreign to them (Sturgiss et al. 2018). Candidates for this subspecialty are, naturally, physicians of any other clinical speciality, which must focus on the implementation of continuous quality improvement concepts and methodologies in that particular clinical field. The transversality of these concepts and techniques means that, if you are looking for a larger training, other theoretical-practical modules can complete this speciality to certify the degree (Srivastava, Kahan & Nader 2017). Improving quality requires synergistic competition of all levels of responsibility, as well as awareness and basic training for health service providers, without overlooking the fact that the main service is clinical services in the broad sense, and leadership, its understanding and practice have specific characteristics that professionals are able to better carry out with them. All health professions and those within the sphere of growth in the healthcare sector are relevant to the system's optimal functioning (Thomas et al. 2019) . Continuous quality improvement training is an essential complement to any other efforts that may be initiated, even if carried out independently (Hsu et al. 2017). It could consist in specific courses on three activities or paths to continuous improvement (monitoring, improvement cycles and planning); on the other hand, specific issues of particular interest or importance, for example the building and implementation of clinical pathways, healthcare communication, qualitative resource management. The instrument's overvaluation implies its results, Assessment by and by goals originates in the paradigm for the evaluation of learning which is still prominent. It also involves relying on the learned goods to appreciate them, but indicates major distinctions in relation to the basic performance or material achievement mentioned above. It highlights the non-spontaneous, but proactive, guided and guided characteristic of the learning that takes place in a framework of the subjects that are reflected in the objectives of the learning. This assessment is not enough, however, because it disregards the learning process

Conclusion

This posture shift also affects health care. If doctors were the only informants up until some years ago, patients now are discussing methods and wanting to become more involved. This circumstance provides benefits and problems. Firstly, the healthcare practitioner must show why a specific choice has been reached. The patient, on the other hand, wants to take part and be involved, increasing the odds that he is following the treatment plan and obtaining positive outcomes. It is here that health is value-based. When doctors, hospitals and operators adopt this behavioural adjustment and focus on care quality, patients feel the difference and improve their performance.



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