You are required to write an academic report that covers the key aspects of medical physics outlined below. Within your report you must describe the fundamental differences between protons, neutrons and electrons in terms of their mass and charge.
Your report must also include an explanation of each of the following:
• How the range in air and penetrating powers of alpha, beta, gamma and x-rays are related to their nature and properties.
• The safety procedures followed when using alpha, beta and gamma radiation, and x-rays.
• The use of the Barium meal for soft body imaging.
• The use of gamma rays in imaging.
• The use of internal sources of radiation in treatment procedures.
• How Technetium-99m is generated.
• The use of Iodine-131 in thyroid investigations.
• The medical uses of parts of the electromagnetic spectrum.
• The use of ultrasonics in medical imaging and treatment.
GUIDANCE
The report should be written using a recommended structure and format as outlined in the study materials for unit 3 (Academic Writing Skills). Conclusions and recommendations must stem from your findings.
Relevant theory must be referenced where appropriate, and you must provide a references list and bibliography.
The report should be a maximum of 2,000 words in length.
Your answer must address the following points to ensure a minimum passing grade
AC 11.1: Describe the fundamental differences between protons, neutrons and electrons in terms of mass and charge.
AC 21.1: Explain how the range in air and penetrating powers of alpha, beta, gamma and x-rays are related to their nature and properties.
AC 21.2: Explain the safety procedures followed when using alpha, beta and gamma radiation and x-rays.
AC 31.1: Explain the use of the Barium meal for soft body imaging.
AC 31.2: Explain the use of γ-rays in imaging.
AC 31.3: Explain the use of internal sources of radiation in treatment procedures.
AC 41.1: Explain how technetium-99m is generated.
AC 41.2: Explain the use of Iodine-131 in thyroid investigations.
AC 51.1: Explain medical uses of parts of the electromagnetic spectrum.
AC 61.1: Explain the use of ultrasonics in medical imaging and treatment.
Introduction:
Medical physics plays a crucial role in various aspects of healthcare, from diagnosis to treatment. In this report, we will delve into the fundamental differences between protons, neutrons, and electrons in terms of their mass and charge. We will also explore the range in air and penetrating powers of alpha, beta, gamma, and x-rays, and how they are related to their nature and properties. Additionally, we will discuss the safety procedures followed when using these types of radiation, as well as the use of Barium meal for soft body imaging, gamma rays in imaging, internal sources of radiation in treatment procedures, Technetium-99m generation, the use of Iodine-131 in thyroid investigations, medical uses of parts of the electromagnetic spectrum, and the use of ultrasonics in medical imaging and treatment.
Fundamental Differences between Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons:
Protons, neutrons, and electrons are fundamental particles that make up atoms. Protons have a positive charge, neutrons have no charge, and electrons have a negative charge. Protons and neutrons are much heavier compared to electrons, with protons and neutrons having a mass of approximately 1 atomic mass unit (amu) each, while electrons have a mass of only about 1/1836 amu. Protons and neutrons are located in the nucleus of an atom, while electrons orbit the nucleus in electron shells.
Range in Air and Penetrating Powers of Radiation:
The range in air and penetrating powers of alpha, beta, gamma, and x-rays are related to their nature and properties. Alpha particles are positively charged and have a relatively large mass. Due to their large mass and positive charge, they have a short range in air and low penetrating power, typically stopped by a few centimeters of air or a sheet of paper. Beta particles are negatively charged and have a smaller mass compared to alpha particles. They have a longer range in air and higher penetrating power, typically stopped by a few millimeters of aluminum or a few centimeters of wood. Gamma and x-rays are electromagnetic radiation with no charge and no mass. They have the longest range in air and the highest penetrating power, requiring several centimeters of lead or several meters of concrete to stop them.
Safety Procedures for Using Radiation:
When working with alpha, beta, gamma, and x-rays, strict safety procedures must be followed to protect the health and safety of healthcare professionals and patients. This includes the use of shielding materials, such as lead aprons, gloves, and goggles, to minimize exposure to radiation. Proper monitoring and dosimetry are also important to measure and control the amount of radiation received. Adequate training and education on radiation safety, handling, and disposal of radioactive materials are crucial to prevent accidents and minimize risks.
Use of Barium Meal for Soft Body Imaging:
Barium meal is a common contrast agent used in medical imaging to visualize the gastrointestinal tract. It is administered orally or rectally, and its high atomic number and radiopacity allow for clear visualization of the digestive tract on x-ray or fluoroscopy. Barium meal is used to diagnose various conditions, such as gastrointestinal obstructions, ulcers, tumors, and inflammation.
Use of Gamma Rays in Imaging:
Gamma rays are high-energy electromagnetic radiation that can penetrate through tissues and are commonly used in imaging techniques such as gamma scintigraphy and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Gamma rays are emitted from radioactive isotopes, such as Technetium-99m, which is widely used in nuclear medicine for imaging of various organs and tissues, including bones, heart, thyroid, and liver. Gamma rays are detected using gamma cameras, and the data obtained can
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