Pre-Master’s Programme Science and Technology-Duration 2 hours

Pre-Master’s Programme Science and Technology
Duration 2 hours
Section A

Answer ALL the question

Q1. Name the world’s first digital computer: ENIAC

1 MARK

Q2 Name the world’s first business computer Lyons electronic office I

1 MARK

Q3 Name the three great ships designed and built by Isambard kingdom Brunel 1. the Great Western (1837), 

2. Great Britain (1843), 

3. and Great Eastern (originally called Leviathan; 1858)

3 MARK

Q4. Name the first major engineering project completed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel and his father Marc Brunel : Clifton Suspension Bridge in Bristol, begun in 1831

1 MARK

Q5 Thomas Edison invented the light bulb True or False [underline one]

1 MARK

Q6 Name three people who influenced Darwin’s thinking on evolution.

Lamarck

Lyell 

Malthus

3 MARK

Q7 Name three scientists who contributed to the development of the vacuum tube 1. Lee De Forest  

2. Robert von Lieben 

3. John Ambrose Fleming

3 MARK

Q8 Fred Sanger won two Nobel prizes in Chemistry True or False [underline one]

1 MARK

Q9 List the three co-inventors of the transistor 1.  John Bardeen, 

2.  Walter Brattain 

3. William Shockley 

3 MARK

Q10 Tim Berners-Lee invented the internet True or False [underline one]

1 MARK

Q11 Marc Andreessen created both the Mosaic browser and Netscape Navigator browser True or False [underline one]

1 MARK

Q12 Sir Paul Nurse strongly believes that recent global warming is due to man’s over-utilisation of fossil fuels

True or False [underline one]

1 MARK

TOTAL 20 MARKS

Section B

Answer ANY four 4 questions only.

Q1 Write a brief essay on the evolutionary and revolutionary development of the world wide web, making reference to H.G.Well, Vannevar Bush, J.C.R.Licklider, Tim Berners-Lee, Marc Andreessen.

20 MARKS

Starting in the mid-1990s, it developed a network that already united almost half the world population and which gave rise to a new society: the digital. Their aim is to decentralize computer systems. Some regard the Internet as a revolution in the caliber of the telegraph, telephone and radio. Many reasons for this transition, especially since the Internet has demonstrated its capacity to transform and adapt to new technological advances (from the personal computer to the smartphone, through the arrival of broadband or communications via satellite). Many individuals have been responsible for these developments, including browsers, content providers, search engines, communication tools, e-commerce firms and even internet criminals. Vannevar Bush is a speculative computer system that contains the theoretical proto-hypertext in which a person compresses and saves all their libraries, recordings and conversations. Marc L. Andreessen co-authored Mosaic, the first widespread web browser, while working with Eric Bina on NCSA. He is also co-founder of the communications company Netscape. Tim Berners-Lee invented World Wide Web, a worldwide information-sharing hyper-media effort at CERN in 1989,

Q2 Write brief notes on two of the following:

Bletchley Park and the Colossus. 10 MARKS

Colossus was an English computer built by the Tommy Flowers Group in the Bletchley Park in the World War II to analyze the top-secret Nazi codes, created on the Lorenz SZ 40. When the war finished, 10 Colossians were in operation with two variants in 1943 and 1944. The apparatus processed at a pace of 25,000 characters per second using symbols punched onto paper cartridges. 

Data Generation: A character is encoded in five fields on each horizontal line of the message string, which can be punctured or not. At 5000 characters a second, Colossus read such a tape. The Colossus had a relatively little memory thus it was read in a circle to produce a digital stream of data. In five seconds, Colossus read even a message of over 25,000 characters (approximately 4,000 words) which might take 10 pages of written text.

Data analysis: Colossus matched the message elements of the two channels with the keystream corresponding elements, which each time a message was reread from the band had a one-position position advanced. The key was judged accurate for this spot every time Colossus detected a match and one "point" for this location was granted. 

Data output: The printer printed out corners when the count was great enough

Fred Sanger 10 MARKS

Frederick Sanger is a British scientist who has won the Nobel Chemistry Award twice only he and John Bardeen in Physics has done so in the same category. He won two Nobel prizes the fourth person. He received the prize in 1958 "For his studies on protein structures, particularly against insulin, Nobel Prize " In 1980 the prizes for contributions to the fundamental identification of nucleic acid sequences were split by Gilbert and Sanger half. Paul Berg received the other half "For fundamental research of biochemistry of nucleic acid, including recombinant DNA technology.

The invention of the transistor 10 MARKS

A transistor is a semiconductor system for connecting to an electrical circuit having at least three terminals. The third terminal controls in the typical situation. The transistor led to the building of more powerful, quicker, reliable and, above important, smaller computers, marking the beginning of the third, fourth, fifth and so on in a trend of miniaturization that would remain unstoppable until now. In December 1947 John Bardeen, Walter Houser Brattain and William Bradford Shockley, who were granted the No, were invited to replace the three electrode or triode thermionic valves at the Bell Laboratories in the USA. That in 1956 was given the Physics Nobel Prize. 

Leonardo da Vinci 10 MARKS

20 MARKS

Leonardo da Vinci was a Tuscan artist and a man of global spirit, while scientist, engineer, anatomist, painter, architect, naturalist, poet, philosopher and author. Leonardo was a student of Andrea del Verrocchio, the great Florentine painter. His first major task was undertaken in Duke Lluis Maria Sforza's service at Milan. Later in Rome, he worked in Bologna and Venice and in France spent the last years of his life accepting King Francis I's invitation from France. Leonardo da Vinci, a humanist philosopher with null, was frequently regarded as the archetype, a metaphor for humanity and the Renaissance. Leonardo da Vinci has often been regarded as the Renaissance archetype and human symbol, global genius and an unlimitedly curious humanist and a powerful creative philosopher. He is considered to be one of the best artists of all time, probably the most diverse and brilliant in a wide range of areas. 

Q3 Write a brief essay on the life and works of Thomas Edison. How does Edison’s approach to

invention compare to the approach of the modern inventors Kia Silverbrook and Shunpei Yamazaki?

20 MARKS

The United States has been the leading player in technical development since the mid-1800s. The cotton gin, telegraph, phonograph, movie camera, light bulb, artificial heart, computer, and iPad were brought by US innovators. In the United States, countless innovations were produced, although most were never heard of and some influences the way we live and the above. (See: Asset Assessment Settings - Patents, for additional information about patents.) Inventor Thomas Edison is wrongly considered as the patent holder of the first level. And while it thought it had 1,093 patents, there are still more prolific innovators, some of them over four times the number of patents. The primary patent proprietors are: Silver brook’s Kia the Australian-born Silverbrook is one of the most prolific architects in history, with 4747 US patents as of 2020. Most of the inventions made by Silverbrook pertain to the development of computer, inkjet and digital paper. Their patents include more than only 3D printing, DNA analysis and nanotechnology. In 1994, Silverbrook quit a Japanese corporation to create his own authorized research, development and innovation company, which was engaged by a research subsidiary of Canon, Inc.' Yamazaki Shunpei in 2020, Yamazaki had 5,614 US patents to get patents on an unending stream of inventions over 40 years. He also made additional inventions. Yamazaki Shunpei For more than forty years, in 2020, Yamazaki obtained patents for an unending stream of inventions. His other innovation includes a cold nuclear fusion process, which is used in electrical and computer applications, and glass integrated circuit chips. He is the president and founder of the Tokyo-based research and development business Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co.

Q4. Write a brief essay on the science behind global warming and tackling climate change.

20 MARKS

The problem is that human activities increase greenhouse gas emission to the atmosphere and retain greater than required heat to generate what is known as global warming and increase the average temperature of the globe. The greenhouse effect is the key cause of climate change. Some gasses in Earth's atmosphere function like the greenhouse glass: they keep the heat of the sun and prevent it from fleeing into the space, producing global warming.

Q5 Write brief notes on the life and works of Charles Darwin. Indicate those natural

philosophers[scientists] and others who influenced Darwin’s thinking prior to the publication of The

Origin of Species.

20 MARKS

Darwin was not an inventor of the idea of evolution, formulated, among others, by the French naturalist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829) and his own grandfather, Erasmus Darwin (1731-1802), but he knew first, how to organize the arguments for presenting evolution as a matter of fact. Although Species Origin is no earliest evolution book, in that species may change through time, Charles Darwin (1809-1882) has been named as one of the most influential thinkers of the time with his six revised editions (1859, 1860, 1861, 1866, 1869 and 1872, John Murray, London), and countless replicas. In numerous writings, including from the antiquity the notion of evolution occurs. Darwin utilized the descent of expression with changes, which were later referred to as development. In the origin of the human being, and in the fifth edition of The origin of species 8). The great naturalist only used this final phrase.

Q6 Write a brief essay on the life and works of Isambard Kingdom Brunel.

20 MARKS

Isambard Brunel was a 19th century British engineer who worked on tunnels, bridges, ferroviaire lines and ships as one of the most versatile and daring. The Kingdom of Isambard Brunel was born in Portsmouth on April 9, 1806. Brunel Isambard Kingdom left nothing to stand in and built innovative tunnels under waterways, railway lines, railway stations, bridges, viaducts and piers. The Great Western, the United Kingdom, and the Great East were his three ships' largest, quickest, and most sophisticated ever.

Q7 The meeting of Tycho Brahe, Johannes Kepler and Holy Roman Emperor Rudolph II was a seminal moment in the history of science. Explain.

20 MARKS

With Copernicus the critical tradition started. It led immediately to Tycho Brahe's study, which was stellar and planetary more precise than anybody before him. However, measurements alone could not distinguish between Ptolemy and Copernicus, because Tycho claimed that earth is immobile. Copernicus persuaded Tycho to shift all other planets' centers of rotation into the Sun. To achieve this, he must renounce the crystalline spheres of Aristotelianism which otherwise would collide. Also Tycho raised doubts on the Aristotle theory of celestial perfection, because Tycho proved that both were above the M sphere when in the 1570's the comet and new star emerged. 

Q8 Write brief notes on the development of the modern computer.

20 MARKS

Although the computer in human history is relatively new, it has been one of the artifacts that has changed the most in recent years. The size, speed, materials, etc., have varied dramatically over the years. IBM created the first electronic calculator in 1944. It developed the computer ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer), EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer) in 1945 and the UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) in 1951.

Q9

Which measure of central tendency should be used with caution when working with numerical data? Give a reason for your answer and also suggest where this measure is more appropriately used.

[4]

The medium is the most often utilized central tendency measure since the average is given to you by using all the values in the data set. The median is better than the mean for data from the skewed distributions since it is not affected by the excessively high values. The mode is the sole measure you may use for non-orderable nominal or categorical data.

Provide a possible chart type that might be used for presenting data in each the following cases, giving a justification of your choices:

Where there are two pieces of information regarding a person/object.

Where there is a lot of data that can be put into groups.

The first step is to find the median of each interval or class in order to get the mean of grouped data. Those intermediate points must be multiplied by the respective class frequencies. 

The value of the medium must equal the sum of the products divided by the sum total.

[4]

Briefly discuss some basic principles you should adhere to when presenting data in chart form. Also state which method of presentation you should generally avoid in a scientific context.

The concepts are mostly based on studies on the way people discover and compare patterns. The best ways to handle visual information are to use these techniques. It is vital to remember aim while selecting visualization tools. It is possible to compare a small adequate number of distinguishable numbers, to describe the distributions of categorical data or numerical values and to compare the data of two groups. All this influences choice of presentation.   

The worst (and most typical) method a presenter addresses these surprises is to speak more quickly. However, if they are armed with a clear narrative, the contents may be summed up simply and the most relevant elements can be reduced.

[4]Discuss what is meant by the term ‘skewed’ when referring to a data set, and how this would

affect which measure of central tendency and associated measure of spread you would use.

[8]

20 MARKS

Skewness is a measure of the distribution's symmetry. A distribution's highest point is its design. If on one side of mode the tail is fatter than the other or longer, a distribution is skewed: it is asymmetric. The median is generally the chosen measure of the center trend because the median is more resistant than the average to outliers, or distributions that have outliers or that are skewed.